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ap biology > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What is ATP composed of?

A

adenine, ribose, 3 phosphates joined by high energy bonds

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2
Q

Define cell respiration

A

heterotrophs; converting organic compounds in the presence of oxygen to CO2; also creating ATP
ex. animals, fungi bacteria

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3
Q

Cell Respiration Chemical Reaction

A

C6H12O6+ 6O2–>6CO2+6H2O+ ATP

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4
Q

Difference between catabolic & anabolic reactions

A

Anabolic- building bigger molecules; absorbing energy
Catabolic- breaking down bigger molecules; releasing energy

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5
Q

The difference between oxidation vs. reduction

A

oxidation: gain of oxygen, loss of hydrogen &, electrons
Reduction: loss of oxygen, gain of hydrogen & electrons

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6
Q

What are the key OXIDIZED coenzymes in cell respiration?

A

NAD+
FADH

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7
Q

What are the key REDUCED coenzymes in cell respiration?

A

NADH
FADH2

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8
Q

List the 4 stages of cell respiration

A

Glycolysis
Pyruvate oxidation
citric acid/Krebs cycle
chemiosmosis/electron tranport

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9
Q

Name the two key enzymes in cell respiration

A

Dehydrogenase and Kinase

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10
Q

Define dehydrogenase

A

Enzymes that remove hydrogens from substrates
and add them to NAD+ or FAD reducing them to
NADH or FADH2

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11
Q

Define Kinase

A

Transfer phosphate from one molecule to
another. (Substrate to ADP) or (ATP to substrate)

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12
Q

Define the two types of phosphorylation

A

Substrate level phosphorylation
Oxidative phosphorylation

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13
Q

Define substrate level phosphorylation

A

An enzyme transfers a phosphate from a
substrate (a molecule) to ADP, yielding ATP:

ex: 1,3 Bisphosphate glycerate loses a
phosphate to ADP—–> ATP

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14
Q

Define Oxidative Phosphorylation

A

Energy from redox reactions in electron-
transport chain is used to make ATP.

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15
Q

define redox reactions

A

oxidation and reduction

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16
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

A

the cytoplasm

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17
Q

Is glycolysis anaerobic or aerobic?

A

anaerobic- does not use oxygen in this step

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18
Q

What does glycolysis do?

A

Coverst 6 carbon glucose into 2 3 carbon pyruvaes. Uses 2 ATP to create more ATP

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19
Q

What are the beginning molecules of glycolysis?

A

1 glucose
2 ADP
2 NAD+
put in 2 AT

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20
Q

What are the ending molecules of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate each with 3 Carbon
2 net ATP (4 formed, but 2 used up initially)
and 2 NADH

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21
Q

What types of phosphorylation occur during glycolysis?

A

substrate level phosphorlation

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22
Q

Is pyruvate oxidation anaerobic or aerobic?

A

aerobic

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23
Q

Where does pyruvate oxidation take place?

A

In the matrix of the mitochondria

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24
Q

What occurs during pyruvate oxidation?

A

The two 3cpyruvate is converted into two Acetyl-CoA;
1. Pyruvate goes through a transport protein and CO2 is removed and it is oxidized.
2. The electrons go to NAD+ to form NADH.
3. Coenzyme attaches to the 2c acetyl group

25
Q

What are the beginning molecules of Pyruvate Oxidation?

A

2 pyruvate
2 Coenzyme
2 NAD+

26
Q

What are the ending molecules of Pyruvate Oxidation?

A

2 Acetyl CoA
2 CO2 molecule
2 NADH

27
Q

What enzyme is involved in pyruvate oxidation?

A

Pyruvate Dehydrogenase

28
Q

Where does Krebs cycle/ Citric Acid cycle take place?

A

inside the matrix of the mitochondria

29
Q

Is the Krebs cycle/ Citric Acid cycle aerobic or anaerobic?

A

aerobic

30
Q

What is the function of the Krebs cycle?

A

To make reduced Coenzymes; release CO2 and make small amount of ATP

31
Q

What are the beginning molecules of the Krebs cycle?

A

2 Acetyl-CoA
6 NAD+
2 FADH
2 ADP

32
Q

What are the ending molecules of the Krebs Cycle?

A

4 CO2
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP

33
Q

How many times does the Krebs cycle turn to break down 1 Glucose?

A

1 glucose=2 pyruvates= CO2+ 2Acetlyl-COa
turns twice

34
Q

How much ATP does each NADH produce?

A

2.5 or 3 ATP

35
Q

How much ATP does FADH2 produce?

A

1.5 or 2 AT

36
Q

What is the function of the outer membrane in cell respiration?

A

boundary b/w inner mitochondria & cytoplasm

37
Q

What process of cell respiration occur in the inner membrane?

A

ETC

38
Q

What is the function of intermembrane space in cell respiration?

A

hydrogen pumping

39
Q

What is the function of cristae during cell respiration?

A

folds of inner membrane; increase SA

40
Q

What is the function of the matrix in during cell respiration?

A

kreb cycle enzymes

41
Q

What is the first step of ETC?

A

NADH and FADH2 (reduced coenzymes from the kreb cycle, pyruvate oxidation and glycolysis) enter the chain & dump the electrons in the chain

42
Q

What happens to the energy level as electrons dumped by NADH and FADH2 passes through the electrons? What is the final electron acceptor? (2nd step)

A

Drops in energy, release energy, exergonic reaction
Oxygen

43
Q

What happens to the electrons travelling through the proteins?

A

They go in the matrix and combine in the matrix to make H2O

44
Q

What is the energy from the electrons moving down the chain going to? What type of reaction is this?

A

used to pump hydrogen ions actively across the membrane from the matrix, to the intermembrane space making that side ACIDIC (decreases the pH) and increases membrane potential creating the proton motive force
This is an coupled reaction because the energy from the exergonic reaction is used for an endergonic reaction

45
Q

What does increased H+ concentration in the intermembrane space allow for?

A

the passage of chemiosmosis of H+ ions through ATP synthase back to the matrix side

46
Q

What happens after H+ flow through ATP synthase?

A

the knob turns (of ATP synthase) allowing for the phosphorylation of ADP

47
Q

In which complex does NADH donate their electrons and why?

A

the electrons are at a very high level thus it donates the electrons directly to complex 1, becoming NAD+ which can be used later during glycosis

48
Q

In which complex does FADH2 donate their electrons and why?

A

Electrons are at a lower energy level thus it cannot transfer its electrons to complex II and donates them to complex II which does not pump proteins across the membrane

49
Q

Define chemiosmosis

A

ATP synthesis powered by the flow of H+ back across the membrane

50
Q

Define electron transport chain

A

electron transport and pumping of protons which creates a H+ gradient across the membrane

51
Q

What does the proton movement power?

A

it provides a direct source for generating ATP

52
Q

What is the relative pH of the martix compared to the intermembrane space due to movement of H+?

A

The intermembrane space has a lower pH acidic due to the higher H+ concentration in the intermembrane space

53
Q

What is the difference between anaerobic respiration and aerobic respiration?

A

has electron transport chain but uses molecules other than oxygen as a final electron acceptor
- used by anaerobic prokaryotes

54
Q

What is the similarity between respiration and fermentation>

A

Includes glycolysis but have different products

55
Q

Define alcohol fermentation

A

in bacteria and yeast; pyruvate converted to ethanol; CO2 is released; NAD+ regenerated; ATP produced

56
Q

define lactic acid fermentation

A

in muscle cells; pyruvate converted to lactate, NAD+ regenerated, ATP produced

57
Q

What is the purpose of Oxidative Phosphorylation?

A

To generate large
amounts of ATP; to
regenerate oxidized
coenzymes; produce
water

58
Q

What are the beginning molecules for Oxidative phosphorylation?

A

10 NADH,
2 FADH2,
O2,
ADP

59
Q

What are the ending molecules for Oxidative phosphorylation?

A

32-38 ATP,

H2O,

10 NAD+,

2 FADH

ap biology (38 decks)

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