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Grade 9 History > Semester A Unit 2 > Flashcards

Semester A Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

When did the Minoan and the Phoenician cultures flourish?

A

1600 B.C.; 1100 B.C.

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2
Q
  1. In 1900, archaeologists discovered the first ruins of Minoan civilization on the island of Crete. What discoveries led the archaeologists to infer that the Minoan culture was advanced and prosperous?
A

They had rooms designed to store large amount of food and plumbing and frescoes of people in elegant clothing

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3
Q
  1. What theories do historians have about why the Minoan culture declined after 1500 B.C.?
A

A huge earthquake or foreign invaders

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4
Q
  1. Where did the Phoenician people originate?
A

Lebanon

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5
Q

Why is our knowledge of Minoan culture limited?

A

No one knows how to decipher their writing

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6
Q

How did trade affect the spread of ideas in the ancient world?

A

When they traded materials, they also spread their ideas

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7
Q
  1. What way of life did the early Hebrews follow?
A

Nomadic herdsmen

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8
Q
  1. What was probably the most significant difference between the Hebrew religion and other early religions?
A

Only ONE God!!!

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9
Q

Define these two major Hebrew religious texts:
Tanakh
Torah

A

Tanakh is the Hebrew Bible
Torah is the first five books of the Hebrew Bible–Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy

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10
Q

Briefly describe the path of Abraham’s journey from his place or origin to the area where the Hebrews eventually settled. In your answer, name the towns and rivers along Abraham’s journey.

A

City of Ur; Euphrates River; Haran; Damascus; Pi-Ramses;

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11
Q
  1. According to the Torah, God made a covenant with Abraham after he settled his followers in Canaan. Describe the covenant and the effect it had on the Hebrews’ concept of themselves as a people.
A

The covenant says that Abraham and his descendants would posses Canaan and become a mighty nation; makes Hebrew think of selves as chosen people

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12
Q
  1. Abraham’s grandson Jacob had twelve children. What did the descendants of Jacob’s children become?
A

Israelites

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13
Q
  1. According to the Torah, Moses led the Hebrews out of slavery in Egypt, eventually settling in Canaan. What is the journey of Moses and his people called, and how long did it take them to reach Canaan?
A

Exodus; 40 years

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14
Q
  1. The Torah relates that during the Exodus, Moses received a communication from God on Mt. Sinai. What did God give Moses?
A

The ten commandments

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15
Q
  1. What is the first of the Ten Commandments?
A

Thou shalt have no other gods before Me.”

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16
Q
  1. What city became the Israelites’ political capital under King David?
A

Jerusalem

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17
Q
  1. Which Israelite king built a great temple in the capital city?
A

Solomon

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18
Q
  1. During a period of disunion, the Israelite nation split in two. What was the name of each kingdom?
    Northern Kingdom
    Southern Kingdom
A

Israel; Judah

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19
Q
  1. What two events brought an end to the two Israelite kingdoms?
A

Being conquered by the Assyrian and Babylonian Empires

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20
Q
  1. Define the term diaspora.
A

The scattering of the Jewish people

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21
Q
  1. What was one key way the god of the Hebrews differed from the gods of other ancient cultures in his relationship with humans?
A

He was good and kind

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22
Q
  1. What is ethical monotheism?
A

A single God laying down moral rules for his followers

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23
Q
  1. Abraham is considered the patriarch of what three monotheistic religions?
A

Judaism, Christianity, Islam

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24
Q
  1. How did Judaism influence Western political ideas?
A

Importance of law and all should be equal under the law

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25
Q
  1. Describe the geography of the Indian subcontinent.
A

Himalayas form northern border; Deccan plateau the central plains; Surrounding bodies of water are Arabian Sea, Bay of Bengal, and Indian Ocean

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26
Q
  1. What way of life did the earliest Aryans follow?
A

Nomadic cattle herders

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27
Q
  1. What language did the Aryans speak, and how did it change over the centuries?
A

Sanskrit; changed into hundreds of languages like Greek, Latin, and English

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28
Q
  1. What is the dominant religion of India, and what were the religion’s first sacred writings?
A

Hinduism; Vedas

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29
Q
  1. What types of people made up each caste in the caste system, and who were the untouchables?
    Brahmans
A

The priests who kept sacred writings and performed sacrifices to the gods

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30
Q
  1. What types of people made up each caste in the caste system, and who were the untouchables?
    Kshatriyas
A

Warriors

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31
Q
  1. What types of people made up each caste in the caste system, and who were the untouchables?
    Vaishyas
A

Merchants and farmers

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32
Q
  1. What types of people made up each caste in the caste system, and who were the untouchables?
    Shudras
A

Ordinary workers

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33
Q
  1. What types of people made up each caste in the caste system, and who were the untouchables?
    Untouchables
A

Workers who did work considered unclean and disgusting

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34
Q
  1. Aryan society, like most warrior societies, was patriarchal. What is a patriarchal society?
A

Led by men

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35
Q
  1. Hindus believe that each person has a particular religious and social duty. What might a person who fulfills that duty hope to achieve?
A

Go to a higher caste

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36
Q
  1. The epic poems The Mahabharata and The Ramayana helped mold Hindu religious and social beliefs. What ideas do they illustrate?
A

They illustrate the moral ideas of Hinduism, such as dharma

37
Q
  1. Buddha preached the Four Noble Truths to his followers:
    All life is _____.
    Suffering is caused by _____.
    Desire and suffering end when a person has achieved _____.
    The way to achieve Nirvana is through following the _____.
A

All life is SUFFERING.
Suffering is caused by DESIRE.
Desire and suffering end when a person has achieved NIRVANA.
The way to achieve Nirvana is through following the NOBLE EIGHTFOLD PATH.

38
Q
  1. List the names of the eight parts of the Noble Eightfold Path
A

Right understanding (seeking accurate knowledge)
Right intention (avoiding destructive thoughts and desires)
Right speech (saying nothing untrue or harmful to others)
Right action (acting virtuously)
Right livelihood (doing work that does not harm others)
Right effort (resisting evil and negative states of mind)
Right mindfulness (maintaining a true awareness of the world)
Right concentration (training thoughts through meditation)

39
Q
  1. Regarding the caste system that had emerged in India, how were Buddhism and Hinduism different?
A

Buddhism says ignore it; deeds, not birth, determines caste

40
Q
  1. What happened to Buddhism in India as it spread throughout southeast and eastern Asia?
A

It largely died out

41
Q
  1. How was Hinduism influenced by Buddhism?
A

Compassion and nonviolence

42
Q

Who created Buddhism, and where?

A

Siddhartha Gautama; India

43
Q

What does classical period mean?

A

It means a time when a society makes extraordinary achievements in art, science, religion, philosophy, and politics.

44
Q

What are the five important events or periods of Indian history?

A

When the Mauryan empire emerges; when Asoka dies; when the Gupta empire emerges; India’s golden age; when the Gupta empire dissolves

45
Q

What was unique about the government of the Mauryan Empire?

A

It was divided into different departments

46
Q
  1. What did the Mauryan leader Asoka do after his armies conquered most of the rest of India?
A

He converted to Buddhism and promoted it

47
Q

How did Asoka promote the Buddhist faith?

A

He built lots of stupas; sent the first Buddhist missionaries; preached tolerance for other religions

48
Q

How did Asoka do for the empire?

A

Built a network of roads to improve communication; erected tall stone pillars with sayings and proclamations; looked after the welfare of his subjects; planted mango groves on the roads and wells dug and rest houses built

49
Q
  1. Why did India prosper following Asoka’s death and the disintegration of his empire?
A

It thrived on foreign trade

50
Q
  1. Which empire emerged in India about A.D. 320, after 500 years of disunity?
A

Gupta Empire

51
Q
  1. Which was larger—the Mauryan Empire or the Gupta Empire that came after?
A

Mauryan

52
Q
  1. Regarding religion, how were the Mauryan and Gupta empires different? How were they alike?
A

Mauryan empire promoted Buddhism, while Gupta promoted Hinduism; but both promoted tolerance of other religions

53
Q
  1. What is the legacy of India’s classic age?
A

Strengthened Hinduism and a memory of cultural achievement

54
Q
  1. You have read about India’s classic, or golden, age. During this time, Indian society made extraordinary achievements in art, science, literature, mathematics, and religion. What conditions helped India achieve its classic period?
A

Peace and prosperity, and government’s encouragement of the arts

55
Q
  1. What idea about governing did the new Zhou rulers introduce to Chinese culture?
A

Kings have been given a right to rule by heaven

56
Q
  1. What did the chaos and social unrest of the later Zhou Dynasty lead to?
A

A revolution in philosophy

57
Q
  1. Confucius was a scholar who spent years studying Chinese _____, _____, and _____. He came to admire the early kings of the _____. Confucius believed China could become unified if the rulers of the warring states could become men of _____. He traveled and offered his services as an _____ to leaders. He attracted young _____ who wanted to learn from his ideas.
A

Religion; Ritual; History; Zhou Dynasty; Virtue; Advisor; Disciples
Confucius was a scholar who spent years studying Chinese RELIGION, RITUAL, and HISTORY. He came to admire the early kings of the ZHOU DYNASTY. Confucius believed China could become unified if the rulers of the warring states could become men of VIRTUE. He traveled and offered his services as an ADVISOR to leaders. He attracted young DISCIPLES who wanted to learn from his ideas.

58
Q
  1. Briefly describe Confucianism.
A

It is a system of ethics, dealing with morals and values in human conduct. It focuses on how people should live in the world.

59
Q

What is the golden rule?

A

Do not do to others what you do not want done to you

60
Q
  1. How did Confucianism influence Chinese government and Chinese society?
A

It became the official philosophy of the Chinese government, and shaped the attitudes toward family and tradition among millions of Chinese people

61
Q
  1. What symbol represents the underlying harmony of the universe that is created by the dependence of two opposing sets of qualities and ideas?
A

Yin-yang circle

62
Q
  1. Who was the founder of the Qin Dynasty and the “First Emperor” of China?
A

Qin Shi Huangdi

63
Q
  1. What did the first ruler of the Qin Dynasty do to help maintain control over his empire?
A

He took power away from landowners and warlords; divided the empire into dozens of districts with administrators; and made a network of roads

64
Q
  1. What three accomplishments under the Qin Dynasty helped unify China economically and politically?
A

Series of canals, and standardization of weights, measures, and coinage

65
Q

Complete the following to describe the end of the Qin Dynasty:
Qin Shi Huangdi rules effectively, but _____, making harsh laws.

A

Qin Shi Huangdi rules effectively, but BRUTALLY, making harsh laws.

66
Q

Complete the following to describe the end of the Qin Dynasty:
Peasants resent the high _____ they pay to fund _____ and _____.

A

Peasants resent the high TAXES they pay to fund ROADS and CANALS.

67
Q

Complete the following to describe the end of the Qin Dynasty:
Qin Shi Huangdi orders the _____ of books and the execution of _____.

A

Qin Shi Huangdi orders the BURNING of books and the execution of SCHOLARS.

68
Q

Complete the following to describe the end of the Qin Dynasty:
The emperor dies and opponents declare that the dynasty had lost the _____ _____.

A

The emperor dies and opponents declare that the dynasty had lost the MANDATE OF HEAVEN.

69
Q
  1. Under which dynasty was China’s area the greatest?
A

Han Dynasty

70
Q
  1. Why do you think the Silk Road did not go from China to towns and cities in India?
A

Because of the Himalayas

71
Q

_____ was a rebel general who overthrew the _____ Dynasty and founded the _____ Dynasty. This leader was the first _____ to rule China. He knew it was important for a ruler to have the _____ of his subjects. He tried to rule according to _____ ideals, while keeping the _____ government that the Qin had set up.

A

LIU BANG was a rebel general who overthrew the QIN Dynasty and founded the HAN Dynasty. This leader was the first _____ to rule China. He knew it was important for a ruler to have the _____ of his subjects. He tried to rule according to _____ ideals, while keeping the _____ government that the Qin had set up.

72
Q

Chinese Society Under the Han:
Economic:
Had a _____ on silk production

A

Had a MONOPOLY on silk production

73
Q

Chinese Society Under the Han:
Economic:
Saw the opening of a trade route known as the _____ _____

A

Saw the opening of a trade route known as the SILK ROAD

74
Q

Chinese Society Under the Han:
Economic:
Tightly _____ the economy

A

Tightly CONTROLLED the economy

75
Q

Chinese Society Under the Han:
Economic:
Restricted the rights of _____ and honored _____

A

Restricted the rights of MERCHANTS and honored FARMERS

76
Q

Chinese Society Under the Han:
Social:
Chinese women had little _____ and limited _____.

A

Chinese women had little POWER and limited ROLES.

77
Q

Chinese Society Under the Han:
Social:
Women were expected to be _____ to men.

A

Women were expected to be SUBSERVIENT to men.

78
Q

Chinese Society Under the Han:
Social:
Women rarely received an _____.

A

Women rarely received an EDUCATION.

79
Q

Chinese Society Under the Han:
Social:
Highly skilled women performed the _____.

A

Highly skilled women performed the SILK-MAKING.

80
Q

Chinese Society Under the Han:
Political:
Used _____ to influence people’s behavior

A

Used TAXATION to influence people’s behavior

81
Q

Chinese Society Under the Han:
Political:
Emphasized the unity of the empire by having a single set of _____ and a uniform _____

A

Emphasized the unity of the empire by having a single set of LAWS and a uniform CURRENCY

82
Q

Chinese Society Under the Han:
Political:
Implemented a _____ system based on education and scholarship

A

Implemented a CIVIL SERVICE system based on education and scholarship

83
Q
  1. Han cultural achievements included:
A

Invention of paper; notable poetry; Figurines of jade; glazed pottery; and elaborately decorated lacquer boxes

84
Q
  1. In the lesson on India’s golden age, you learned what is meant by the terms classical and golden age. Now, explain why China’s Han Dynasty is considered a classic period, or golden age.
A

Because extraordinary achievements were made

85
Q
  1. The emperor was buried surrounded by terra-cotta soldiers and chariots at the center of a complex designed to resemble a city. Which city?
A

Xianyan, the capital

86
Q
  1. Why was this great terra-cotta army entombed in the earth?
A

It was buried to fight for the emperor in the afterlife

87
Q
  1. How many laborers worked to construct the mausoleum complex? How long did it take to build?
A

700k laborers; 40 years

88
Q
  1. What does the mausoleum of Qin Shi Huangdi suggest about the religious beliefs of people in China during the Qin Dynasty?
A

It appears Qin Shi Huangdi planned to fight battles in the afterlife. People saw a connection between life on earth and life after death

89
Q
  1. The model of the watchtower is thought to symbolize China during the Han Dynasty. Why?
A

It symbolizes Han China in its architectural style. It represents lavish Han palaces, which also served defensive purposes

Grade 9 History (16 decks)

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