Semester B Unit 4

Question 1

1. What led to heated rivalries between Western industrialized nations in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?

Answer 1

competition by Europe’s great powers to expand their empires; a self-glorifying kind of nationalism

Question 2

2. Many factors led to the outbreak of World War I. Complete the following table to describe these factors as you read to the end of page 659 in your textbook.
   ALLIANCES
   IMPERIALISM
   MILITARISM
   NATIONALISM

Answer 2

ALLIANCES
* Discouraged nations from launching a major war
* Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy
* Triple Entente: Britain, France, Russia

IMPERIALISM
* Ottoman Empire lost its grip on the
Balkan Peninsula.
* Two empires—Russia and AustriaHungary—tried to control the
Balkans.

MILITARISM
* Glorification of military might
* German enlarged its navy to compete with Britain.
* France enlarged its army to compete with Germany

NATIONALISM
* Long years under Ottoman rule stirred feelings of nationalism in the Balkans.
* People in this region wanted to rule themselves.

Question 3

4. People on both sides of the conflict believed the war would not last long. Explain why the British, French, and Germans all thought their young men would be “home by Christmas.”
   (a) Britain

(b) France

(c) Germany

Answer 3

BRITAIN
The British felt sure their Royal Navy—the most powerful navy in the world—would easily destroy the German navy. They intended to blockade German ports and choke the German economy.

FRANCE
The French had built massive barricades on their eastern border.

GERMANY
The Germans believed that they would win with a swift strike to France. The Germans also believed that with their Austrian allies, they would then easily defeat Russia.

Question 4

5. Germany’s strategy for a quick victory included a swift defeat of France. What happened in early September 1914 that resulted in the failure of this strategy?

Answer 4

Combined British and French forces confronted the German advance at the Marne River. The Germans retreated, and both sides dug long trenches.

Question 5

6. By the end of the year 1914, how did the reality of the war differ from peoples’ expectations at its beginning?

Answer 5

When the war started, people expected it to be over soon—by Christmas. By the end of the year, fighting on both the Western and Eastern fronts had ground to a stalemate.

Question 6

1. Trench warfare on the Western Front came to define World War I. Complete the following chart to describe the nature of trench warfare.
   DAILY LIFE FOR THE SOLDIER
   * Rain causes lots of _________________.
   * Foul __________ from human waste and decomposing bodies
   * Infestations of __________ and __________

FIGHTING IN THE TRENCHES
* Seldom saw the _______________
* Both sides fired powerful _______________ barrages.
* Going “over the top” meant leaving the trenches and making a dash across _____________________ the few hundred yards of bombed-out earth that separated the two sides.
* Advancing across this space was dangerous because of buried ___________________ and ________________ guns.

Answer 6

• Rain causes lots of MUD.
• Foul AIR from human waste and decomposing bodies
• Infestations of LICE and RATS
• Seldom saw the ENEMY
• Both sides fired powerful ARTILLERY barrages.
• Going “over the top” meant leaving the trenches and making a dash across NO-MAN’S LAND the few hundred yards of bombed-out earth that separated the two sides.
• Advancing across this space was dangerous because of buried LAND MINES and MACHINE guns.

Question 7

2. New weapons and methods of warfare introduced during World War I made this war the deadliest war in history up to that time. As you read Section 2, list these new military technologies developed for land, sea, and air.
   (a) land
   Answer:
   (b) sea
   Answer:
   (c) air
   Answer:

Answer 7

(a) LAND
machine gun; huge artillery; land battleship (tank); poison gas (chlorine and mustard)

(b) SEA
U-boat (submarine)

(c) AIR
zeppelin; airplane

Question 8

3. Complete the following sentences to describe why Russia faced a life-and-death struggle on the Eastern Front.
   (a) 1914: The ____________ empire joined the central powers.
   (b) 1915: German and Austrian armies drove the Russians _____________ miles back into their own territory.
   (c) 1915: Tsar _____________ took command of the Russian army and made a series of foolish decisions.

Answer 8

1914: The OTTOMAN empire joined the central powers.
1915: German and Austrian armies drove the Russians 300 miles back into their own territory.
1915: Tsar NICHOLAS took command of the Russian army and made a series of foolish decisions.

Question 9

5. Define genocide.

Answer 9

the systematic destruction of a racial, political, religious, or cultural group

Question 10

Events Impacting the Great War
Event Effect
Britain wins the battle of Jutland
German U-boat sinks the Lusitania

Answer 10

Britain wins the battle of Jutland
The British navy controlled European waters

German U-boat sinks the Lusitania
Many Americans turned against Germany and
began to think the time had come for the United
States to enter the war against the Central Powers.

Question 11

8. World War I escalated into the first total war. Define the term total war.

Answer 11

a war in which opposing nations use virtually every resource they possess to keep up the fight and involve every citizen in the effort

Question 12

9. Complete the following table to describe the economic and social changes brought about by the demands of a total war.

ECONOMIC
* The British, French, and German governments brought __________ leaders and ____________________ into economic planning.
* Government agencies began setting _______________, determining _______________, rationing _______________, and deciding which industries would get what _______________.
* Planned economies, economies largely organized and controlled by the _______________, temporarily replaced free market capitalism in Europe.

SOCIAL
* Many women began to _______________ outside the home.
* Women worked to support their ________________.
* Women in the Western world began to believe they could _______________ themselves and contribute to their nations’ economies.
* During the war and shortly afterward, many Western governments extended the right to __________ to women.

Answer 12

ECONOMIC
* The British, French, and German governments brought UNION leaders and BUSINESSMEN into economic planning.
* Government agencies began setting PRICES, determining WAGES, rationing FOOD, and deciding which industries would get what RESOURCES.
* Planned economies, economies largely organized and controlled by the GOVERNMENT, temporarily replaced free market capitalism in Europe.

SOCIAL
* Many women began to WORK outside the home.
* Women worked to support their FAMILIES.
* Women in the Western world began to believe they could SUPPORT themselves and contribute to their nations’ economies.
* During the war and shortly afterward, many Western governments extended the right to VOTE to women.

Question 13

The Ottomans _______________ the Armenians of cooperating with the _______________. In retaliation, the _______________ _______________ tens of thousands of Armenian men and boys. Ottoman troops plundered Armenian villages, raped thousands of women, and systematically deported women, children, and the elderly. The _______________ Armenians were taken to a desert region and left to walk to their deaths. More than a million _______________ perished. This came to be known as the Armenian Massacre.

Answer 13

The Ottomans ACCUSED the Armenians of cooperating with the RUSSIANS. In retaliation, the OTTOMANS EXECUTED tens of thousands of Armenian men and boys. Ottoman troops plundered Armenian villages, raped thousands of women, and systematically deported women, children, and the elderly. The DEPORTED Armenians were taken to a desert region and left to walk to their deaths. More than a million ARMENIANS perished. This came to be known as the Armenian Massacre.

Question 14

1. From 1914 to 1917, the United States remained neutral in the Great War. The reason is that most Americans viewed the war as a _____________________ conflict and didn’t want to get involved.

Answer 14

1. From 1914 to 1917, the United States remained neutral in the Great War. The reason is that most Americans viewed the war as a EUROPEAN conflict and didn’t want to get involved.

Question 15

2. The United States ended its policy of neutrality and declared war against Germany, entering the war on the side of the Allies. Complete the following sentences to describe causes for the end of U.S. neutrality in early 1917.
   (a) German U-boats sunk the _____________, killing more than a hundred U.S. citizens.
   (b) Germany resumed unrestricted _____________ warfare and began sinking U.S. _____________ ships.

Answer 15

German U-boats sunk the LUSITANIA , killing more than a hundred U.S. citizens.
Germany resumed unrestricted SUBMARINE warfare and began sinking U.S. CARGO ships.

Question 16

3. President Woodrow Wilson wanted to defeat the Central Powers and win the war, but he also had a higher aim. What was this goal?

Answer 16

to make the world safe for democracy

Question 17

4. Wilson had fourteen principles to help remake Europe after the war. They called for justice and not revenge. Why did Wilson want a generous peace?

Answer 17

He thought that a peace focused on revenge would cause bitterness among the defeated nations and become the seed for future wars.

Question 18

5. Wilson’s high ideals, as expressed in his Fourteen Points, included the following:
   * Self-determination: people should be able to choose their own ____________________
   * An end to _______________ treaties between countries
   * _______________ of the seas
   * Copying or distributing without K12’s written permission is prohibited.
   * Removal of barriers to _______________
   * Reduction in stockpiles of arms and _______________
   * Resolution of disputes over colonies while accounting for the wishes of _______________ peoples
   * Creation of the League of Nations with the major goal of keeping the _______________

Answer 18

• Self-determination: people should be able to choose their own GOVERNMENTS
• An end to SECRET treaties between countries
• FREEDOM of the seas
• Removal of barriers to TRADE
• Reduction in stockpiles of arms and WEAPONS
• Resolution of disputes over colonies while accounting for the wishes of COLONIZED peoples
• Creation of the League of Nations with the major goal of keeping the PEACE

Question 19

6. Complete the following sentences to describe four reasons why the tide turned for the Allies leading, eventually, to the end of the war.

(a) U.S. Entry into the War: By fall of 1918, ____________ million Americans join the allied ranks; the Allies go on the offensive.

(b) Italy and the Middle East: Italians hold off _______________ forces weakened by mass desertions; British troops triumph over the ________________.

(c) Abdication: November 1918: Kaiser _____________ abdicates the throne (steps down from power); a new government takes control.

(d) Uprisings: Angry crowds stage uprisings in _____________ and ____________; revolution threatens to break out in Germany; worker go on ______________.

Answer 19

(a) U.S. Entry into the War: By fall of 1918, TWO million Americans join the allied ranks; the Allies go on the offensive.

(b) Italy and the Middle East: Italians hold off AUSTRIAN forces weakened by mass desertions; British troops triumph over the OTTOMANS.

(c) Abdication: November 1918: Kaiser WILHELM abdicates the throne (steps down from power); a new government takes control.

(d) Uprisings: Angry crowds stage uprisings in BERLIN and VIENNA; revolution threatens to break out in Germany; worker go on STRIKE.

Question 20

7. What was the effect of the U.S. entry into the war?

Answer 20

The Allies were able to stop Germany’s last offensive attempt and then go on the offensive.

Question 21

8. When was the armistice that ended World War I signed?

Answer 21

November 11, 1918

Question 22

9. How did many German soldiers respond to the armistice?

Answer 22

Many felt betrayed by their own government. They were angry and wanted to fight again another day.

Question 23

10. How many combatants died during the Great War? How many were wounded? How many civilians died?

Answer 23

Nine million combatants died. Twenty-one million were wounded. No one knows how many civilian died, but possibly as many as nine million

Question 24

11. While the cost of the war in terms of human life was staggering, there was another cost to the war —economic loss and loss of infrastructure. In France and Belgium, farms, entire villages, and _______________ were destroyed. Fighting also destroyed bridges, railroad tracks, _____________ factories, and homes. Nations had to raise taxes and _______________ money to pay for the war. Fighting devastated _______________ and trade. Many companies went out of business and _______________ rose.

Answer 24

11. While the cost of the war in terms of human life was staggering, there was another cost to the war —economic loss and loss of infrastructure. In France and Belgium, farms, entire villages, and TOWNS were destroyed. Fighting also destroyed bridges, railroad tracks, ROADS, factories, and homes. Nations had to raise taxes and BORROW money to pay for the war. Fighting devastated BUSINESSES and trade. Many companies went out of business and UNEMPLOYMENT rose.

Question 25

12. The one exception to the economic loss of the war was the United States. What effect did the war have the on the U.S. economy?

Answer 25

Since Americans sold food and weapons to the combatants, the U.S. economy thrived during the war.

Question 26

1. Which countries had the most decision-making power at Versailles?

Answer 26

France, Britain, USA

Question 27

2. Match each leader with the phrase that best describes his position in the negotiations at Versailles. Write the letter of the phrase next to the leader’s name.
   (a) sought a generous peace; wanted to help the Germans
   (b) governed by a sense of practicality; worked toward a compromise
   (c) was intent on punishing Germany severely
   David Lloyd George (Great Britain) _______
   Woodrow Wilson (United States) _______
   Georges Clemenceau (France) _______

Answer 27

(a) sought a generous peace; wanted to help the Germans
(b) governed by a sense of practicality; worked toward a compromise
(c) was intent on punishing Germany severely
David Lloyd George (Great Britain) B
Woodrow Wilson (United States) A
Georges Clemenceau (France) C

Question 28

3. Major provisions of the Treaty of Versailles included the following:
   A ____________________ clause that blamed Germany for the war
   * The loss of all of Germany’s overseas ____________________
   * A demand that Germany pay large war ____________________
   * The creation of the ____________________, the organization President Wilson wanted for solving all international problems and disputes
   * The breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire into the new independent states of _________________,
   * _________________, and _________________, and a new kingdom that eventually became _________________
   * The restoration of the nation of _________________
   * The loss of all of the Ottoman Empire’s territory in the Middle East and on the _________________ Peninsula

Answer 28

A WAR GUILT clause that blamed Germany for the war
* The loss of all of Germany’s overseas COLONIES
* A demand that Germany pay large war REPARATIONS
* The creation of the LEAGUE OF NATIONS, the organization President Wilson wanted for solving all international problems and disputes
* The breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire into the new independent states of AUSTRIA, HUNGARY, and CZECHOSLOVAKIA, and a new kingdom that eventually became YUGOSLAVIA.
* The restoration of the nation of POLAND
* The loss of all of the Ottoman Empire’s territory in the Middle East and on the ARABIAN Peninsula

Question 29

4. How did most Germans react to the provisions included in the Treaty of Versailles?

Answer 29

Most Germans, bitter and humiliated at their defeat, did not think the treaty was just. Many Germans were angry and looked forward to a chance to strike back

Question 30

5. Why did the U.S. Senate refuse to ratify the Treaty of Versailles?

Answer 30

The U.S. Senate refused to ratify the Treaty of Versailles in part because Republican senators wanted to undermine Wilson, who was a Democrat. The other reason was that most Americans wanted to return to a policy of isolationism.

Question 31

6. What effect did the U.S. Senate’s refusal to ratify the Treaty of Versailles have on the League of Nations?

Answer 31

The United States did not join the League of Nations, which doomed the League to failure.

Question 32

10. How did the Treaty of Versailles help pave the way for a second world war?

Answer 32

The punitive peace treaty imposed on Germany at Versailles resulted in a growing spirit of militant nationalism in Germany. Many Germans viewed the terms of the treaty as unjust and longed for revenge against their former enemies.

Question 33

1. Describe the political, economic, and social situation in Russia at the turn of the twentieth century.

Answer 33

For three centuries prior to the twentieth century, Russia had been ruled by tsars of the Romanov family, who were absolute monarchs. Russian society was sharply divided between wealthy Russians and poor peasants. Peasants made up 80 percent of the population, and their labor supported a small minority of Russian nobles.

Question 34

2. How did industrialization affect the working class in Russia?

Answer 34

Some peasants continued to work on estates held by rich nobles, but many left the countryside to work in factories in cities, where they suffered long hours, low pay, and grueling working conditions. Unrest in cities flared, and workers demanded change.

Question 35

3. What influence did the writings of Karl Marx have on many Russian revolutionaries?

Answer 35

Many Russian revolutionaries shared Marx’s vision of a classless society in which all means of production belonged to the people as a whole. Marx’s philosophy is known as communism.

Question 36

4. How did the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks differ in their ideas about revolutionary change?

Answer 36

The Bolsheviks believed that a small group of full-time, professional revolutionaries were needed to bring about change. The Mensheviks sought to build popular support for revolutionary change.

Question 37

5. Lenin developed his own brand of Marxism. How did his concept of revolution differ from Marx’s?

Answer 37

Marx predicted that historical forces would bring about a workers’ revolution. Lenin did not want to wait for history to take its course. Instead, he believed that a party of professional revolutionaries should seize power on behalf of the working class, who could then create a classless society.

Question 38

6. What effect did World War I have on the Russian economy, and how did the Russian people respond?

Answer 38

The war caused food and fuel shortages and brought the country to the verge of collapse, which led to demonstrations and rallies against the government

Question 39

7. How did Russian workers respond to the events of Bloody Sunday?

Answer 39

They went on strike and began setting up revolutionary councils called soviets

Question 40

8. How did Russia’s government change when the tsar gave up the throne?

Answer 40

Vladimir Lenin and Leon Trotsky returned to Russia. Trotsky assumed leadership of the biggest workers’ group, the Petrograd Soviet, which took over the government. Within weeks, Lenin dissolved the Petrograd Soviet and took command of the government.

Question 41

10. What did Lenin believe was the ultimate goal of the Russian Revolution?

Answer 41

Lenin saw the Russian Revolution as a first step in the process of spreading communism around the world. He passed that aspiration on to succeeding generations.

Question 42

11. Who took Lenin’s place after he died, and how did he rise to power?

Answer 42

By pitting one leader against another, Joseph Stalin was able to eliminate them all until he reigned as a dictator.

Question 43

12. What was Stalin’s goal for the Soviet Union, and how did he attempt to reach that goal?

Answer 43

Stalin wanted to turn Russia into an industrial power. He herded many Russians into factories and onto collective farms where they turned out products for the state. He arrested all rivals in a “great purge,” and eventually became a totalitarian ruler.

Question 44

1. Following World War I, what role did nationalism play in many areas of the world? What idea did Woodrow Wilson set forth as a goal for nations?

Answer 44

Many areas remained under colonial rule, and in many colonies, the spirit of nationalism was rising. People wanted independence from their foreign rulers. Wilson urged that nations should have the right to determine their own fate and choose their own governments.

Question 45

2. What nation ruled India after World War I, and what was India’s significance as a colony?

Answer 45

India was under British rule and was Britain’s most important colony. Britain regarded India as its “jewel in the crown.”

Question 46

3. Describe Mohandas Gandhi’s philosophy of nonviolent resistance.

Answer 46

Nonviolent resistance is a form of civil disobedience, or the refusal to obey unjust laws, even when faced with violence. In Gandhi’s words, nonviolent resistance demands “the strength and courage to suffer without retaliation, to receive blows without returning any.”

Question 47

4. About a million Indians had fought with the British in World War I, and Britain had promised reforms and greater self-rule for Indians in return for their service. What happened when Britain did not keep its promise?

Answer 47

Britain showed no intention of making any changes, and it kept in place wartime measures that allowed protesters to be put in jail without a trial. Indians began demonstrating to protest the decision. They became violent and killed several Europeans and burned buildings. A British general ordered his troops to fire on protesters and killed hundreds. The event was known as the Amritsar Massacre.

Question 48

5. How did Gandhi influence the Indian National Congress and the Indian people?

Answer 48

He convinced the National Congress to adopt a program of nonviolent noncooperation with the British. Indians were urged to refuse to pay British taxes and to have nothing to do with various British institutions. Gandhi advocated civil disobedience and encouraged Indians to protest British rule by refusing to buy British-made products. He led a boycott of British cloth, and set an example for other Indians by making and wearing only homespun cloth. He organized the Salt March, leading a group on a 241-mile march to the sea to obtain salt rather than buy it from the British. The march was a protest against a British law that prohibited Indians from making their own salt.

Question 49

6. What results came of Gandhi’s efforts?

Answer 49

In 1935, the British Parliament granted Indians limited self-rule. In later years, India became an independent, self-governing nation.

Question 50

1. The Ottoman Empire, which had ruled most of the Middle East for centuries, was defeated in World War I. How did most Middle Eastern people respond to the decisions made by the victorious Allies after the war

Answer 50

After the war, the Allies determined that the people in lands previously ruled by the Ottomans would be mandates—states under British and French rule—until the time came when they could eventually govern themselves. The people in the mandates, most of whom were Muslim, had lived for centuries under the Islamic Ottoman Empire. They had hoped for independence after the war, and it was not easy for them to now be ruled by non-Muslim Europeans. Nationalist movements emerged in the Middle East that pushed for independence from foreign rule.

Question 51

Table: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1sU2M5BUt0MbA_7QWKbtz26ul953WUfXIUereg6pmgZ0/edit

Question 52

1. Artists, writers, and composers created new forms of expression as they struggled to find meaning in the postwar era. Match each artist, writer, or composer to their description.
   Paul Valéry Pablo Picasso Marcel Duchamp André Breton André Breton
   Salvador Dalí James Joyce William Butler Yeats Igor Stravinsky
   Arnold Schoenberg T.S. Eliot
   (a) A modern composer who developed a method of composition called twelve-tone music, which worked through a careful arrangement of notes in numerical patterns: -___________________________
   (b) A surrealist painter who created Persistence of Memory, one of his best-known works: __________________________
   (c) An American expatriate poet who published a poem called “The Waste Land;” the poem depicts a postwar world that is emotionally exhausted and spiritually desolate, lacking hope or faith. __________________________
   (d) A French poet who said: “Almost all the affairs of men remain in a terrible uncertainty.” __________________________
   (e) A Spanish artist who was one of the pioneers of a style called Cubism, which rejected the longstanding idea that art should mirror nature: ________________________
   (f) An Irish novelist who published Ulysses, which uses the technique of stream of consciousness; he became one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century. _____________________
   (g) A Russian composer who wrote the music for a ballet called The Rite of Spring; the music strongly influenced other modern composers. __________________________
   (h) A French poet who coined the term surrealism: ________________________
   (i) A French Dada artist who created the Fountain, a porcelain urinal: ______________________
   (j) An Irish poet who published “The Second Coming,” which presents a dark vision of a chaotic world: ______________________

Answer 52

(a) A modern composer who developed a method of composition called twelve-tone music, which worked through a careful arrangement of notes in numerical patterns: -Arnold Schoenberg
(b) A surrealist painter who created Persistence of Memory, one of his best-known works: Salvador Dalí
(c) An American expatriate poet who published a poem called “The Waste Land;” the poem depicts a postwar world that is emotionally exhausted and spiritually desolate, lacking hope or faith. T.S. Eliot
(d) A French poet who said: “Almost all the affairs of men remain in a terrible uncertainty.” Paul Valéry
(e) A Spanish artist who was one of the pioneers of a style called Cubism, which rejected the longstanding idea that art should mirror nature: Pablo Picasso
(f) An Irish novelist who published Ulysses, which uses the technique of stream of consciousness; he became one of the most influential writers of the twentieth century. James Joyce
(g) A Russian composer who wrote the music for a ballet called The Rite of Spring; the music strongly influenced other modern composers. Igor Stravinsky
(h) A French poet who coined the term surrealism: André Breton
(i) A French Dada artist who created the Fountain, a porcelain urinal: Marcel Duchamp
(j) An Irish poet who published “The Second Coming,” which presents a dark vision of a chaotic world: William Butler Yeats

Question 53

2. What was Dada?

Answer 53

an artistic movement in which artists produced a kind of anti-art, intended to subvert and mock everything about modern civilization, including art itself

Question 54

3. What was surrealism?

Answer 54

an artistic movement in which writers and artists tried to tap the unconscious mind for access to what they thought was a deeper, truer reality

Question 55

4. As war-torn European countries struggled to recover from the war, the United States prospered. What were the roots of the nation’s prosperity?

Answer 55

In Europe, the Great War left behind death, destruction, and poverty. But the United States had been spared the physical ruin of the war. The roots of prosperity lay mainly in the preceding decades of industrialization and technological innovation.

Question 56

5. How did the mass production of the automobile affect society and the economy in the United States?

Answer 56

The increase in the number of cars demanded the building of more roads. Industries that supplied the parts and materials for cars, including rubber, glass, and steel, boomed. Oil refineries worked overtime to meet the demand for gasoline. As more people traveled by car, new businesses opened to meet their needs. Cars allowed some people to move from the city to the suburbs.

Question 57

6. Who was Charles Lindberg?

Answer 57

Charles Lindbergh was the American aviator who completed the first nonstop solo flight across the Atlantic Ocean in a small, single-engine plane called the Spirit of St. Louis.

Question 58

7. Who was Amelia Earhart?

Answer 58

Amelia Earhart was the first woman to fly across the Atlantic Ocean as a passenger. She made her first solo flight across the Atlantic in 1932.

Question 59

8. What was the Lost Generation?

Answer 59

the name that characterizes the generation that had survived the war only to confront the terrible uncertainties that followed; the Lost Generation had been changed by the war.

Question 60

9. What was the postwar’s effect on Christianity in Europe?

Answer 60

Many Europeans decided that they could lead their lives without the daily influence of Christianity. Church attendance in Europe declined as many people could no longer find in Christianity the answers they sought in a fragmented postwar world.

Question 61

1. Describe the social and economic conditions in France, Britain, and Germany after World War I.

Answer 61

France and Britain were in debt to the United States because they had borrowed enormous amounts of money from the United States to finance their war efforts. Both France and Britain had lost many of the young men who would have made up a strong workforce in the postwar years. Unemployment and inflation made everyday life hard for millions. In France, farms, villages, roads, and railroads were in ruins. By the terms of the treaty ending World War I, Germany lost territory and most of its military and was ordered to pay yearly reparations, which were large payments for war damage. Germany’s economy was weak, but the German government made things worse by printing more money, which led to wildly escalating inflation.

Question 62

2. How did Germany’s failure to pay reparations affect France, Britain, and other nations?

Answer 62

The Weimar Republic, or German government, made almost no reparations payments. Without reparations, France, Britain, and other nations across the continent faced huge debts and massive rebuilding efforts.

Question 63

3. Describe the economic conditions in the United States after World War I.

Answer 63

In contrast to Europe, the United States came out of the war economically stronger. American farm products were in high demand in Europe throughout the war and for some years after. American businesses had prospered while producing ships, engines, guns, and other military supplies. After the war, American industries turned to the production of new goods, such as radios, automobiles, and kitchen appliances. Between 1922 and 1929, the nation’s income rose by more than 40 percent.

Question 64

4. List the major causes of the Great Depression in the United States.

Answer 64

• Farmers saw their incomes decline as European agriculture recovered after the war. Many American farmers faced heavy debt.
• Instead of investing in new machinery or increasing their workers’ wages, business owners pocketed their profits.
• Manufacturers continued to increase production even as demand for their products declined. Workers began to lose jobs when factories were forced to cut back on production.
• Many middle-class Americans got in the habit of spending more than they earned, buying on credit, and investing in the soaring U.S. stock market. Banks made loans to people who the used the money to buy stock, a practice called buying on margin.
• In 1929, the U.S. stock market crashed—the value of stocks fell rapidly. As banks began to fail, countless businesses went broke, factories closed, and millions of workers lost their jobs as well as their savings.

Question 65

5. Describe the Great Depression in the United States.

Answer 65

By 1933, unemployment in the United States had soared to about 25 percent, and more than one-third of the nation’s banks had failed. Millions of people lost all they had. Homeless families searched for scraps of food in garbage barrels or lined up at charity soup kitchens.

Question 66

6. Why did the economic catastrophe in the United States become a worldwide depression?

Answer 66

As factories closed and banks failed, Americans did less and less business overseas. The American government stopped loaning money to foreign countries. The chain reaction of failed banks, lost savings, closed factories, and unemployment swept far beyond Europe.

Question 67

11. How did governments in Europe and the United States first respond to the Great Depression?

Answer 67

Governments in Europe and the United States first responded to the Great Depression by maintaining their traditional economic policies. They imposed high tariffs on imports in order to encourage people to buy domestic goods. They tried to balance their budgets by cutting government spending. Many governments continued the same monetary policies they had used for decades.

Question 68

12. How did the people respond as the Great Depression worsened?

Answer 68

Many people grew restless and bitter. Some said the Depression was the fault of factory owners and capitalism. Others blamed the leaders they had elected. In Britain, voters turned to the Labour Party, whose platform called for public ownership of large industries and full employment. In France, voters elected communists and socialists.

Question 69

13. How did democratic nations respond as the hard times worsened?

Answer 69

Democratic nations such as Sweden increased their government-sponsored social programs. They used tax revenues to provide all citizens with health care and unemployment insurance. In 1935, the United States implemented a program called Social Security.

Question 70

14. What did President Roosevelt do to try to bring the United States out of the Depression?

Answer 70

President Roosevelt implemented the New Deal, a diverse array of programs and initiatives to pull the United States out of the Great Depression. The New Deal focused on relief (providing money to ensure that jobless people had life’s basic necessities), recovery (national planning to get the economy moving again and put people back to work), and reform (establishing new laws to restructure banks, change labor relations, and create new social programs).

Question 71

15. How did the role of government in the United States and other Western democracies change during the Great Depression?

Answer 71

The governments of Great Britain, France, the United States, and other Western countries implemented policies and programs designed to shape the economic lives of their nations. People began to expect their governments to take a more active role in their economic welfare more than ever before.

Question 72

16. In 1919, Germany became a republic. What flaws did the German people see with the new government?

Answer 72

To the German people, the government seemed to drift aimlessly while businesses closed and people went hungry. Many Germans complained that democracy had only made things worse by splintering politicians into parties that did nothing but argue while the economy went to ruin. Resentful citizens wanted some powerful leader to take charge and set things right.

Question 73

1. Who ruled the Soviet Union in the 1930s as the dictator of a totalitarian state?

Answer 73

In the 1930s, Joseph Stalin ruled the Soviet Union as the dictator of a totalitarian state.

Question 74

2. How much control does a totalitarian government have?

Answer 74

A totalitarian government controls almost every aspect of people’s lives, including political, economic, cultural, religious, and social activities.

Question 75

3. What are some of the things that totalitarian governments do to maintain power?

Answer 75

Totalitarian governments try to bind their people in some shared effort, such as war. Or they may try to unify the people through fear or hatred of something, such as a foreign enemy. They often maintain secret police forces to stamp out anyone who opposes them.

Question 76

4. Describe Benito Mussolini as a member of the National Fascist Party, as a politician, and as a dictator.
   National Fascist Party
   Polititian
   Dictator

Answer 76

NATIONAL FASCIST PARTY
* He organized discouraged Italians in the Nationalist Fascist Party.
* Fascists dressed in black shirts and carried clubs that they used to beat up anyone they disliked.
* They hated socialists and communists, whom they blamed for Italy’s economic troubles.
* They attacked striking workers, trade union offices, and anyone who seemed to have Bolshevik sympathies.

POLITICIAN
* He allowed the king to remain on the throne.
* He cooperated with the Catholic Church and persuaded the pope to recognize the authority of the Fascist dictatorship.
* He worked closely with businessmen and industrialists.
* He used militarism to rally his followers and divert their attention from continuing social problems.

DICTATOR
* Mussolini declared himself Il Duce.
* He threw out the parliamentary system and established the Fascists as the single party in power.
* He outlawed all political parties and declared trade unions illegal. He suppressed all rights to free speech
* He used spies and secret police to intimidate anyone who might object to his rule

Question 77

6. Describe Hitler’s ideals, policies, and actions by completing the following table.
   Nazi Party Leader
   Author of Mein Kampf
   The Fuhrer

Answer 77

NAZI PARTY LEADER
* He attracted thousands of followers by playing upon their sense of frustration with the Weimar government.
* He led the National Revolution against the Weimar government

AUTHOR OF MEIN KAMPF
* He wrote the book while in prison.
* The book set forth Hitler’s beliefs about German destiny.
* He claimed that Germans were members of the Aryan race, a master race destined to rule humanity.
* He told Germans that it was their “sacred mission” to maintain racial purity.
* He blamed all Germany’s troubles on the Jews, and believed that the elimination of the Jewish people must necessarily be a bloody process.

THE FUHRER
* He promised to lead Germany to glory by conquering new territories and giving them lebensraum, living space.
* He wanted to conquer Russia for more living space and because it was the home of communism.
* He began to wipe out every possible challenge to his rule.
* He encouraged loyalty to Nazi Germany by setting up paramilitary organizations for young people.
* He stripped Jews of citizenship rights and removed them from public offices.
* He organized a secret police network to act as spies for Germany.
* The Nazis established prisons for people who did not share Hitler’s’ views.

Question 78

7. Describe the Spanish Civil War by discussing the Republicans and the Nationalists.
   Republicans
   Nationalists

Answer 78

REPUBLICANS
* Supported Spain’s recently elected socialist government
* Aided by the Soviet Union and the International Brigade
* Lost the war to the opposition

NATIONALISTS
* Led by General Francisco Franco
* Received help from Hitler and Mussolini
* Won the war with Franco as fascist dictator of Spain

Question 79

8. Who took control of Japan during the economic crisis?

Answer 79

Militarists took control of the island nation of Japan.

Question 80

9. Read each statement. If it describes communism, write “C” on the line. If it describes fascism, write “F” on the line. If it describes both, write “B.”
   _____ Private property is allowed, but regulated.
   _____ In theory, all workers share all property.
   _____ Does not allow opposition
   _____ Encourages extreme nationalism in which citizens put the state above themselves

Answer 80

F Private property is allowed, but regulated.
C In theory, all workers share all property.
B Does not allow opposition
F Encourages extreme nationalism in which citizens put the state above themselves