Semester A Unit 7

Question 1

1. Around 500 CE, Teotihuaćan reached the height of its power and influence. The city was the center of an advanced civilization that had developed in the Valley of Mexico between 150 and 750. Briefly describe Teotihuaćan.

Answer 1

At its height, Teotihuaćan was one of the largest cities on earth. A structure called the Pyramid of the Sun served as a place of worship. Most people lived in apartment buildings. The city’s streets were laid out in a grid pattern. The city’s temples attracted religious pilgrims, and Teotihuaćan was also a center of manufacturing and trade

Question 2

2. The Toltec, who rose to power after the decline of Teotihuaćan, were a militaristic people. What does this mean?

Answer 2

They were a war-like people.

Question 3

3. Were the Toltec monotheistic or polytheistic?

Answer 3

Polytheistic

Question 4

7. What is the name of the island on which the Aztecs settled and which eventually became a great city?

Answer 4

Tenochtitlan

Question 5

The Aztec nobility was open to _____.

Answer 5

The Aztec nobility was open to COMMONERS.

Question 6

Commoners included _____, _____, and _____.

Answer 6

Commoners included FARMERS, LABORERS, and CRAFTSMEN.

Question 7

Most slaves were either _____ or _____; some were paying off _____.

Answer 7

Most slaves were either CRIMINALS or PRISONERS OF WAR; some were paying off DEBTS.

Question 8

9. The Aztecs achieved a high degree of civilization
   Recording the past

Answer 8

They recorded their past through pictures in vividly illustrated books.

Question 9

9. The Aztecs achieved a high degree of civilization
   Time-keeping

Answer 9

They created accurate calendars in stone

Question 10

9. The Aztecs achieved a high degree of civilization
   Medicine

Answer 10

They practiced medicine as advanced as that in Europe at the time.

Question 11

10. The Aztecs had a religion that matched their militaristic ways. Complete the following to describe their religion.
    Priests
    Made up a _____ class in Aztec society; were the best _____ group in society

Answer 11

Made up a POWERFUL class in Aztec society; were the best EDUCATED group in society

Question 12

10. The Aztecs had a religion that matched their militaristic ways. Complete the following to describe their religion.
    Aztec Gods
    The Great Temple was dedicated to the gods of _____ and _____; the gods preserved the order of the _____.

Answer 12

The Great Temple was dedicated to the gods of WAR and RAIN; the gods preserved the order of the UNIVERSE.

Question 13

10. The Aztecs had a religion that matched their militaristic ways. Complete the following to describe their religion.
    Sacrifices
    Aztec religion demanded _____ sacrifices to the gods; believed their gods survived on a diet of human _____

Answer 13

Aztec religion demanded HUMAN sacrifices to the gods; believed their gods survived on a diet of human BLOOD

Question 14

10. The Aztecs had a religion that matched their militaristic ways. Complete the following to describe their religion.
    Effects
    People under Aztec rule were filled with _____ and _____.

Answer 14

People under Aztec rule were filled with DREAD and ANGUISH.

Question 15

11. Briefly describe the decline and fall of the Aztec Empire.

Answer 15

The Aztec Empire began to decline in 1502 when a new emperor, Montezuma II, took the throne. By leading new wars of conquest and demanding more tribute, more and more people came to hate the Aztecs. The end came when Hernán Cortés arrived in 1519 with Spanish soldiers. He allied himself with peoples subject to the Aztecs. Cortés and his native allies conquered the Aztecs, and the Aztec Empire became the Spanish colony of New Spain.

Question 16

12. How did the religion practiced by the Aztecs contribute to their fall?

Answer 16

The Aztec religion, which included sacrificing people (many of which were captured
prisoners from nearby tribes), fostered dread and anguish among subjected peoples. When the Spanish arrived, people subjected to Aztec rule decided to ally themselves with the Spanish in hopes of being liberated from their Aztec rulers.

Question 17

1. Complete the following to describe the “what, when, where, and how” of Cuzco
   What

Answer 17

Capital city of the Inca

Question 18

1. Complete the following to describe the “what, when, where, and how” of Cuzco
   When

Answer 18

Around the year 1200

Question 19

1. Complete the following to describe the “what, when, where, and how” of Cuzco
   Where

Answer 19

Mountain valley in the Andes;
modern-day Peru

Question 20

1. Complete the following to describe the “what, when, where, and how” of Cuzco
   How

Answer 20

Hundreds of workers using
llamas as pack animals

Question 21

2. What did Pachacuti do to grow and maintain his empire?

Answer 21

He slaughtered conquered groups who refused to submit to Inca rule. He allowed those who submitted to continue worshipping their own gods.

Question 22

7. Under whose rule did the Inca Empire reach its greatest extent?

Answer 22

Pachacuti’s son

Question 23

Complete the following to illustrate how the Inca were able to maintain a large and diverse empire.
Language

Answer 23

Incas made Quechua the official language
of the empire.

Question 24

Complete the following to illustrate how the Inca were able to maintain a large and diverse empire.
Infrastructure

Answer 24

Inca rulers sponsored the building of more
than 15,000 miles of road, along with inns
and storehouses.

Question 24

Complete the following to illustrate how the Inca were able to maintain a large and diverse empire.
Taxation

Answer 24

Each clan group owed one-third of what it
produced to the Sapa Inca, and one-third to priests.

Question 25

Complete the following to illustrate how the Inca were able to maintain a large and diverse empire.
Labor

Answer 25

Every head of a household had to work for
the government for a certain period
each year.

Question 26

Complete the following to illustrate how the Inca were able to maintain a large and diverse empire.
Communication

Answer 26

Trained runners called chasquis carried
messages and news.

Question 27

9. How was trade carried on within the Inca Empire?

Answer 27

through bartering (exchanging goods and services for other goods and services)

Question 28

10. With no written language, how did the Inca maintain the records of their empire?

Answer 28

They used quipus—cords with colored strings that were used to convey information.

Question 29

11. Complete the following to describe some of the cultural aspects of Inca society.
    BUILDING
    Used _____ chisels to fit _____ tightly together.
    Many buildings remain.
    Moving some stones required _____ of workers.

Answer 29

Used BRONZE chisels to fit STONES tightly together.
Many buildings remain.
Moving some stones required THOUSANDS of workers.

Question 30

11. Complete the following to describe some of the cultural aspects of Inca society.
    MACHU PICHU
    Located high in the _____.
    Built as a summer home for the _____.
    Includes _____.

Answer 30

Located high in the ANDES.
Built as a summer home for the SAPA INCA.
Includes HOUSES, TEMPLES, STORAGE ROOMS, AND PALACES.

Question 31

11. Complete the following to describe some of the cultural aspects of Inca society.
    GOLD
    Symbolized ruler’s status as a descendant of the _____ god.
    Acquired by _____ and panning in streams.
    Possession restricted to _____.

Answer 31

Symbolized ruler’s status as a descendant of the SUN god.
Acquired by MINING and panning in streams.
Possession restricted to EMPEROR AND NOBILITY.

Question 32

11. Complete the following to describe some of the cultural aspects of Inca society.
    EMPERORS
    Believed emperors were _____ and did not truly _____.
    Upon death, rulers were _____ and remained in the _____.

Answer 32

Believed emperors were DIVINE and did not truly DIE.
Upon death, rulers were MUMMIFIED and remained in the PALACE.

Question 33

12. Describe two factors in the fall of the Inca Empire.

Answer 33

Civil war broke out when Huayna Capac died without naming an heir. Shortly after, Spanish soldiers, led by Francisco Pizarro, invaded. Disease, disorganization, and superior European weaponry destroyed Inca resistance.

Question 34

1. What is the meaning of the term renaissance? What was the Renaissance?

Answer 34

The term is a French word meaning rebirth. The Renaissance was a period of artistic and literary achievement in Europe between the late fourteenth and early seventeenth centuries

Question 35

2. What are some characteristics of the Renaissance and why did it begin it Italy?

Answer 35

Some of the characteristics include renewed interest in classical Greek and Roman civilizations, a new philosophy of humanism, and new and creative forms of art, architecture, and literature. It started in Italy because the Italian city-states had never lost touch with classical Greece and Rome. The revival of trade with Byzantines and Muslims brought an exchange of ideas and a level of economic prosperity that inspired many wealthy people to support artists and writers.

Question 36

3. Identify the following people and their works, ideals, and accomplishments.
   Dante Alighieri

Answer 36

Dante Alighieri wrote the great poem, The Divine Comedy, which tells of an imagined spiritual journey from hell to heaven. The characters in his book emerge as individual humans, not abstract symbols. Dante merged his Christian beliefs with his classical learning.

Question 37

3. Identify the following people and their works, ideals, and accomplishments.
   Giotto di Bondone

Answer 37

Giotto painted lifelike figures in natural-looking settings. His subjects revealed recognizable human emotions and seemed to breathe from the canvas. Giotto is often hailed as the pathbreaker for Renaissance painting because he celebrated nature and the human form in his art

Question 38

3. Identify the following people and their works, ideals, and accomplishments.
   Franceso Petrarca (Petrarch)

Answer 38

Petrarch was a poet, priest, and diplomat. As a poet, he wrote hundreds of love poems. As a priest and diplomat, Petrarch visited monastery libraries and searched for manuscripts of ancient Latin texts. He proposed a new educational program that became known as humanism. Petrarch saw no conflict between Christian beliefs and classical wisdom.

Question 39

3. Identify the following people and their works, ideals, and accomplishments.
   Baldassare Castiglione

Answer 39

Castiglione was once a courtier and a diplomat. In his work, The Book of the Courtier, Castiglione describes how a courtier should act and how he could best serve his prince.

Question 40

3. Identify the following people and their works, ideals, and accomplishments.
   Isabella d’Este

Answer 40

She governed Mantua on behalf of Francesco and her son. She was considered a Renaissance woman because of her excellent education and because she could play the lute, sing, dance, and discuss politics.

Question 41

3. Identify the following people and their works, ideals, and accomplishments.
   Niccolo Machiavelli

Answer 41

Machiavelli wrote The Prince, which laid out new guidelines for maintaining a secure state. The phrase “the ends justified the means” is often associated with Machiavelli’s philosophy. Many people consider Machiavelli to be the founder of modern political science; the study of politics and government.

Question 42

4. What is humanism?

Answer 42

Humanism was an educational program proposed by Petrarch, which emphasized the value of the classics—for example, the epics of Homer and the philosophic writings of Plato. Humanism stressed the dignity of man and placed renewed confidence in human potential.

Question 43

5. Why was Florence the first city to experience the Renaissance?

Answer 43

Florence became a wealthy center of Europe’s wool and silk trade. Florentine political life was controlled by the wealthiest families, who also funded many new buildings and artworks. The people of Florence appreciated the classical past and were humanists

Question 44

6. Besides Rome, what were some of the other cities in the Papal States? Why did Rome become the leading city of the Renaissance?

Answer 44

Bologna, Urbino, and Assisi were also part of the Papal States. Renaissance popes used part of their wealth to finance building projects in Rome and to commission artists to produce masterworks of painting and sculpture.

Question 45

7. How did Venice grow wealthy during the Renaissance?

Answer 45

Venice prospered as a major trade link between western Europe and Asia. The doge, ruler of Venice, commanded a trading empire that included posts all along the shores of the Adriatic and Mediterranean, stretching to the Black Sea

Question 46

8. Why did rulers of the Italian city-states surround themselves with well-educated courtiers, advisers, and attendants?

Answer 46

Each ruler wanted his city-state to outshine the others. And each ruler knew that his success greatly depended on the people who advised and served him.

Question 47

1. Define the term patrons as it was used during the Renaissance.

Answer 47

Patrons were rich merchants and wealthy families who supported artists by buying their works or paying them to create new works.

Question 48

2. Describe how the Medici family encouraged the arts.

Answer 48

The Medici family (Cosimo and Lorenzo) spent money on paintings and sculpture; sponsored expeditions to collect classical manuscripts, statues, and coins; and brought painters, sculptors, and scholars to Florence.

Question 49

3. How did the popes encourage the arts?

Answer 49

The popes called on many sculptors, painters, and architects to restore Rome to its former glory. Renaissance popes also built magnificent new churches and palaces.

Question 50

4. How did Renaissance artists reflect Renaissance thinking and ideals in their work?

Answer 50

Some of the artists incorporated classical ideas, styles, and techniques of ancient Greece and Rome. Brunelleschi used an ancient Roman technique to help build his dome. Sculptors and painters tried to make their figures and subjects appear natural looking by capturing movement, individual expression, and the beauty of the human form. They depicted human beings as living individuals, with each figure possessing its own identity.

Question 51

5. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and their works by completing the table.
   Filippo Brunelleschi

Answer 51

Dome for cathedral in Florence

Question 52

5. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and their works by completing the table.
   Donatello

Answer 52

Bronze statue of David

Question 53

5. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and their works by completing the table.
   Sandro Botticelli

Answer 53

Birth of Venus painting

Question 54

5. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and their works by completing the table.
   Leonardo da Vinci

Answer 54

Painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, scientist, philosopher, and visionary; painted Adoration of the Magi, the Last Supper, Mona Lisa

Question 55

5. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and their works by completing the table.
   Michelangelo Buonarroti

Answer 55

Sculptor and painter; sculpture of Pieta and David; painted ceiling of Sistine Chapel

Question 56

5. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and their works by completing the table.
   Raphael Sanzio

Answer 56

Famous for Madonnas; Fresco School of Athens

Question 57

1. Explain the spread of Renaissance ideas to northern and western Europe.

Answer 57

By 1500, France, Spain, and England had come under the rule of strong monarchs. These strong monarchs sent their armies to invade Italy. The armies brought back to their homelands Italian Renaissance art and ideas. Northern European monarchs became patrons of Renaissance art. They collected Italian artwork and sent agents to Italy to buy ancient manuscripts. King Francis I started a university for the study of humanist ideas. Important cities in northern Europe grew and prospered, and
the wealthiest families in those cities patronized the arts and funded the construction of numerous monuments and buildings. As cities in northern Europe grew and prospered, trade increased, and artists and merchants traveled to these cities bringing with them the ideas of the Italian Renaissance. Johannes Gutenberg’s invention of the printing press also helped spread Renaissance ideas.

Question 58

2. How did the printing press contribute to knowledge and learning?

Answer 58

During the Renaissance, the hunger for knowledge and growth in literacy increased the demand for books. Even into the 1400s, most books or manuscripts were copied by hand, which took a very longtime—many months for a single book. This slow process made books very expensive. Governments and businesses needed to find a less costly way to produce books and written records. The invention of Gutenberg’s printing press helped reduce the cost of books. By about 1450, Gutenberg’s printing press could make a thousand identical copies of the same page. Around 1455, Gutenberg printed 180 copies of the Bible, each with 1,282 pages. Books about medicine, philosophy, art, and much more traveled from one end of Europe to another. Never before had so many ideas traveled so quickly.

Question 59

3. How did the artworks of the Northern Renaissance artists differ from those of Italian Renaissance artists?

Answer 59

Italian painters emphasized the beauty of the ideal human form. The artists of the Northern Renaissance also painted with great detail, even if the detail was not flattering.

Question 60

4. How were the ideas of the northern humanists different from the ideas of Italian thinkers?

Answer 60

Northern humanists were interested in using ancient texts to further their understanding of Christianity’s teachings. They wanted to reform the church, which they thought had become too worldly and too concerned with money, power, and land than with people’s souls.

Question 61

5. When people today use the word utopia or utopian, what are they referring to?

Answer 61

They are referring to any vision of an ideal society or to ideas that seem impractical and out of reach.

Question 62

6. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and writers and their works by completing the tables.
   Jan van Eyck

Answer 62

Giovanni Arnolfini and His Bride

Question 63

6. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and writers and their works by completing the tables.
   Pieter Bruegel

Answer 63

A Flemish painter. He painted detailed landscapes, but is better known
for his lively and richly colored paintings of scenes from peasant life

Question 64

6. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and writers and their works by completing the tables.
   Albrecht Durer

Answer 64

A German painter. He painted self-portraits with much detail, but his most important works were detailed engravings. By the time of his death, he had produced almost two hundred paintings, more than a thousand drawings, and hundreds of woodcuts and engravings.

Question 65

6. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and writers and their works by completing the tables.
   Hans Holbein the Younger

Answer 65

A German painter. He spent time in Italy studying the works of master artists. He became known for his portraits of wealthy merchants and other important people.

Question 66

6. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and writers and their works by completing the tables.
   El Greco

Answer 66

A painter of the Spanish Renaissance. He used oil paints to produce detailed images that used color to convey drama and intense emotion. His art was deeply rooted in his Catholic faith. He was commissioned to paint The Burial of the Count of Orgaz for the Catholic church of Santo Tomé in Toledo, Spain.

Question 67

6. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and writers and their works by completing the tables.
   Desiderius Erasmus

Answer 67

A Dutch monk. He wrote the book The Praise of Folly, which criticized
the pope and the church in Rome and offered sharp observations on
various failings of human conduct. It became one of Europe’s most
widely read books.

Question 68

6. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and writers and their works by completing the tables.
   Thomas More

Answer 68

England’s greatest Christian humanist. He believed that the church
leaders and royalty of his day were often greedy and power hungry. He
wrote a book called Utopia. The book helped some people see the
wrongs of the Christian church, in which popes and bishops lived like
kings and fought each other for power and wealth.

Question 69

6. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and writers and their works by completing the tables.
   Francois Rabelais

Answer 69

A monk and physician deeply versed in humanist learning. He wrote
some of the most popular and controversial works of the Renaissance in
France. Church leaders and scholars condemned his writings as
heretical and obscene.

Question 70

6. Describe the following Italian Renaissance artists and writers and their works by completing the tables.
   Miguel de Cervantes Saavedra

Answer 70

A Spanish writer. He wrote Don Quixote, considered by many to be the
first modern novel. His work contains elements of narrative fiction that
would influence later generations of authors and inspire artists and
composers to depict the hero in paintings and music.

Question 71

1. Describe the Elizabethan Age and its characteristics.

Answer 71

Queen Elizabeth ruled England from 1558 to 1603. This period is often called the Elizabethan Age. Queen Elizabeth filled her court with brilliant artists, writers, and musicians. The most active parts of literary life in Elizabethan London occurred in the theater. Theatergoers came from every walk of life, from the humblest worker to the queen herself, to view productions by a gifted generation of playwrights.

Question 72

2. Who was Edmund Spenser?

Answer 72

He was a poet who blended a strong knowledge of the classics, a love of the English language, and a deep familiarity with Italian writers. Spenser wrote an epic poem called The Faerie Queene, which was a series of books. In each book a knight faced a trial to master a virtue, such as temperance, holiness, or courage. The queen in the title was Queen Elizabeth.

Question 73

3. Who was William Shakespeare?

Answer 73

He was one of the greatest English playwrights. He wrote dozens of plays, thirty-eight of which survive today. His plays—including Romeo and Juliet, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Henry IV Parts 1 and 2, and Hamlet— offer something for everyone, from hilarious farce to tender romance to profound insights into human nature.

Question 74

4. What were some innovations in Renaissance music?

Answer 74

Prominent composers wrote madrigals, which were songs written usually for four or five voices. They sang in polyphony, which means the voices wove together independent melodic lines. Madrigals were most often about love, sometimes romantic, sometimes bawdy. At Renaissance courts, dancing was a favorite entertainment, and composers responded by writing nonvocal dance music, usually for performance by a small consort of instruments. Composer John Dowland wrote many dances for the lute, a stringed instrument that resembles a modern-day guitar. Dowland also composed numerous songs for a singer accompanied by the lute.

Question 75

5. Explain why Renaissance ideas led to scientific advances.

Answer 75

The Renaissance interest in inquiry, and the focus on the here and now, opened the way to important
new discoveries about the natural world and how it worked. Astrologers and alchemists were curious
about nature. Their curiosity combined with a new willingness to question ancient ideas created the
opportunity for scientific discovery and laid the foundation for a scientific revolution in the 1600s.