Semester A Unit 4 Reading Guides

Question 1

1. What geographical feature dominates the northern third of the African continent?

Answer 1

Sahara Desert

Question 2

2. What is the Sahel?

Answer 2

A band of dry, flat, scrubby grasslands

Question 3

3. The savanna covers about _____ percent of Africa. Much of it consists of open, grassy _____ dotted by trees, but it also includes _____ and tropical _____.

Answer 3

The savanna covers about 40 percent of Africa. Much of it consists of open, grassy PLAINS dotted by trees, but it also includes MOUNTAINS and tropical SWAMPLANDS.

Question 4

4. Why do most people in Africa live on the savanna?

Answer 4

The land and climate support agricultural production

Question 5

5. Identify the following African rivers:
   Longest river in the world

Answer 5

Nile

Question 6

5. Identify the following African rivers:
   Largest river in central Africa

Answer 6

Congo

Question 7

5. Identify the following African rivers:
   Main river in western Africa

Answer 7

Niger

Question 8

6. How do we know that the first Africans were hunter-gatherers and herded sheep, goats, and cattle?

Answer 8

Archaeologists have found prehistoric paintings depicting it

Question 9

7. North Africa’s _____ was originally much wetter and the region was covered with rivers, lakes, and _____. Over centuries, _____ became less, and the area eventually became a _____.

Answer 9

North Africa’s SAHARA was originally much wetter and the region was covered with rivers, lakes, and GRASSLANDS. Over centuries, RAIN became less, and the area eventually became a DESERT.

Question 10

8. Complete the following to show how African people adapted to each of the following environments as they migrated.
   RIVERS AND LAKES
   They became expert _____.

Answer 10

They became expert FISHERMAN.

Question 11

8. Complete the following to show how African people adapted to each of the following environments as they migrated.
   RAIN FORESTS
   They became _____.

Answer 11

They became HUNTER-GATHERERS.

Question 12

8. Complete the following to show how African people adapted to each of the following environments as they migrated.
   SAHEL / SAVANNA
   They became _____.

Answer 12

They became FARMERS.

Question 13

9. Early African villages were likely made up of members from one or more clans. What is a clan?

Answer 13

A group of families with shared ancestors

Question 14

10. _____ is the idea that spiritual and supernatural forces act through all aspects of nature.

Answer 14

ANIMISM is the idea that spiritual and supernatural forces act through all aspects of nature.

Question 15

11. Griots are people who pass on _____ from times long past. They tell myths, share proverbs, and offer commentary on current _____ to help people understand themselves and the world around them by conveying _____ and _____ from one generation to the next.

Answer 15

Griots are people who pass on STORIES from times long past. They tell myths, share proverbs, and offer commentary on current EVENTS to help people understand themselves and the world around them by conveying KNOWLEDGE and TRADITIONS from one generation to the next.

Question 16

12. Fill in the chart with information about each culture.
    NOK
    Where did they live?

Answer 16

Northeast of the Niger River in what is now Nigeria

Question 17

12. Fill in the chart with information about each culture.
    NOK
    What was the geography or climate like?

Answer 17

Near streams in grasslands where the Sahel meets the savanna

Question 18

12. Fill in the chart with information about each culture.
    NOK
    What were their main crops or food staple?

Answer 18

Sorgum

Question 19

12. Fill in the chart with information about each culture.
    NOK
    What type of houses or communities did they live in?

Answer 19

Villages with houses built of clay, straw, and mud brick

Question 20

12. Fill in the chart with information about each culture.
    NOK
    What important technological advances did they make?

Answer 20

Made weapons and tools of iron

Question 21

12. Fill in the chart with information about each culture.
    DJENNÉ-DJENO
    Where did they live?

Answer 21

Near Niger River in what is now the country of Mali

Question 22

12. Fill in the chart with information about each culture.
    DJENNÉ-DJENO
    What was the geography or climate like?

Answer 22

Fertile flood plain of the Niger

Question 23

12. Fill in the chart with information about each culture.
    DJENNÉ-DJENO
    What were their main crops or food staple?

Answer 23

Rice and herd animals

Question 24

12. Fill in the chart with information about each culture.
    DJENNÉ-DJENO
    What type of houses or communities did they live in?

Answer 24

City of nearly 50,000 inhabitants

Question 25

12. Fill in the chart with information about each culture.
    DJENNÉ-DJENO
    What important technological advances did they make?

Answer 25

Made iron weapons, pottery, jewelry and toys

Question 26

2. Where did the Bantu-speaking people originally live, and where did their migrations take them?

Answer 26

Just south of the Sahara; south and east to much of Africa

Question 27

3. In the chart below, define the terms and explain why they were key factors in pushing some groups of Bantu-speaking peoples to migrate.
   Slash-and-burn agriculture

Answer 27

When you slash and burn plants to provide the soil with nutrients; the nutrients of the soil was depleted, so they had to move where the soil had more nutrients

Question 28

3. In the chart below, define the terms and explain why they were key factors in pushing some groups of Bantu-speaking peoples to migrate.
   Desertification

Answer 28

When deserts grow larger; they couldn’t grow crops in the sand

Question 29

4. What was one “pull” factor that played a role in the Bantu migrations?

Answer 29

The relatively fertile savannas of Africa

Question 30

5. Why didn’t most migrants stay in the rain forests they encountered?

Answer 30

They are too dense and don’t allow for large human populations

Question 31

6. What was one advantage the Bantu-speaking people had over the nomadic bands of hunter-gatherers they displaced?

Answer 31

They had mastered the art of iron-making, allowing them to dominate the hunter-gatherers they displaced

Question 32

7. On what civilization did Kush rulers model themselves?

Answer 32

Egypt

Question 33

8. What trade route played a key role in Kush’s rise to power?

Answer 33

The Kush gained control over the Nile River trade that was once dominated by Egypt.

Question 34

9. What kinds of goods were exported from Kush and Meroë?

Answer 34

Trade goods included timber, iron, gold, ivory, ebony, jewels, fragrances, and slaves

Question 35

10. What brought about the downfall of the kingdom of Kush?

Answer 35

The Romans invaded Egypt, devastated Kushite territory, and carried thousands off to slavery, which greatly diminished Kush’s power

Question 36

11. What spurred Aksum’s rise to power?

Answer 36

It was a busy hub on trade routes, and when Kush lost its power it took over Kush’s trade routes, too

Question 37

12. How did the influx of people from all over the world influence Aksum’s cultural makeup?

Answer 37

Aksum became an increasingly cosmopolitan kingdom; trade brought Jews, Buddhists, and Christians to the region

Question 38

What are two unique Aksum achievements?

Answer 38

Aksum was the only ancient African kingdom that had a system of writing. Aksum was also the first sub-Saharan kingdom to mint its own coins.

Question 39

14. What are stelae?

Answer 39

Giant stone monuments that marked the graves of rulers or commemorated important events

Question 40

15. What brought about Aksum’s downfall?

Answer 40

In the eighth century, Arab and Persian traders took over the commerce flowing out of Africa. Aksum fell to Islamic invaders in 710, who destroyed the port city of Adulis

Question 41

1. Where do archaeologists believe the earliest Americans came from and how did they get to America?

Answer 41

Asia; Beringia

Question 42

2. What area does Mesoamerica encompass?

Answer 42

Much of Mexico and Central America

Question 43

3. Explain why maize became the most important staple crop of Mesoamerica.

Answer 43

It grew in a variety of climates; it provided excellent nutrition; it could be harvested, dried, and storied in large amounts

Question 44

Write the name of the civilization that is described (write unknown if it is an unknown civilization):
Carved colossal head from volcanic stone

Answer 44

The Olmec

Question 45

Write the name of the civilization that is described (write unknown if it is an unknown civilization):
Built the city of Monte Alban

Answer 45

Zapotec

Question 46

Write the name of the civilization that is described (write unknown if it is an unknown civilization):
Thought to be the oldest civilization in America

Answer 46

The Olmec

Question 47

Write the name of the civilization that is described (write unknown if it is an unknown civilization):
Built the city of Teotihuacán

Answer 47

Unknown

Question 48

Write the name of the civilization that is described (write unknown if it is an unknown civilization):
Invented a game that used a rubber ball

Answer 48

The Olmec

Question 49

Write the name of the civilization that is described (write unknown if it is an unknown civilization):
Built a city in the center of the Oaxaca Valley

Answer 49

Zapotec

Question 50

5. Where did the earliest civilizations in South America begin?

Answer 50

In the Andes Mountains

Question 51

6. Describe a unique feature of the temple in the city of Chavin de Huantar.

Answer 51

The temple in the city had a system of canals built underneath it. When water rushed through the canals, the temple roared and vibrated, perhaps suggesting the presence of the gods to worshippers.

Question 52

7. Describe a unique accomplishment by the Nazca culture.

Answer 52

The Nazca created an array of enormous shapes and patterns that can be seen only from above. Some have geometric designs; some have plant and animal shapes

Question 53

8. Describe some of the accomplishments of the Moche culture.

Answer 53

They built a system of irrigation canals to channel water from the Andes into their fields, where they grew maize, beans, and other crops. They built flat-topped pyramids, some of which housed the tombs of kings. They painted on pottery, showing people working on the land, soldiers returning from battle, women weaving cloth, and more.

Question 54

9. How did the Maya adapt to the many environments in their territory? What was the result?

Answer 54

They adapted their farming techniques to the different environments, using terraces on hills, adding soil to swamps, and using slash and burn in rainforests. The result was a surplus of food crops, especially maize, and their culture grew.

Question 55

1. Why did Constantine choose Byzantium for his new capital? Include the economic and military importance of this location.

Answer 55

It was between the trade routes of Europe and Asia, and was next to water allowing for water travel; this also made it hard to invade

Question 56

2. What was the hippodrome in Constantinople?

Answer 56

A stadium for chariot racing that also housed circuses and theaters

Question 57

3. Why was the Mese important to Constantinople’s economy?

Answer 57

It was the world’s busiest market

Question 58

4. List some of the worldly goods that were traded in the shops in Constantinople.
   China

Answer 58

Porcelain and silks

Question 59

4. List some of the worldly goods that were traded in the shops in Constantinople.
   India

Answer 59

spices and precious stones

Question 60

4. List some of the worldly goods that were traded in the shops in Constantinople.
   Arabia

Answer 60

cosmetics and perfumes

Question 61

4. List some of the worldly goods that were traded in the shops in Constantinople.
   Egypt

Answer 61

grain

Question 62

4. List some of the worldly goods that were traded in the shops in Constantinople.
   Russia

Answer 62

honey, fur, and hides

Question 63

5. How did Justinian extend Byzantine power across the Mediterranean?

Answer 63

By conquering those lands

Question 64

6. Describe some of Empress Theodora’s accomplishments.

Answer 64

She secured greater rights for Byzantine women in marriage; she had laws passed to protect divorced women and to prohibit the sale of young girls

Question 65

7. What was the Nika Revolt and what was its outcome?

Answer 65

When people revolted against the emperor because of high taxes; Justinian suppressed it

Question 66

8. What did Justinian do to rebuild Constantinople?

Answer 66

He expanded his palace complex; he constructed new aqueducts and public baths, and granaries, theaters, hospitals, and forums; and he restored old churches and built new ones

Question 67

9. What is the Hagia Sophia? Describe some of its unique features according to the Byzantine historian Procopius.

Answer 67

The Hagia Sophia is a cathedral that dominated the skyline of Constantinople

Question 68

10. What were Justinian’s reasons for issuing a new law code? What impact did this law code have on modern nations?

Answer 68

Many of the existing laws were inconsistent and confusing. Justinian believed that a single empire needed a single and consistent set of laws. He wanted all his subjects to obey the same laws, no matter where they lived. The laws should be easy to understand and should not contradict each other.

Question 69

11. How did the plague help decrease the economic and political power in the Byzantine Empire?

Answer 69

It wiped out a lot of people

Question 70

12. What other major events led to the fall of the Byzantine Empire?

Answer 70

Invasion of the empire

Question 71

1. Christianity in the East began to branch apart from the West. Describe the differences between eastern Christianity and western Christianity by completing the following chart.
   LANGUAGE
   East

Answer 71

Greek

Question 72

1. Christianity in the East began to branch apart from the West. Describe the differences between eastern Christianity and western Christianity by completing the following chart.
   LANGUAGE
   West

Answer 72

Latin

Question 73

1. Christianity in the East began to branch apart from the West. Describe the differences between eastern Christianity and western Christianity by completing the following chart.
   LITURGY
   East

Answer 73

Holy Spirit comes from God

Question 74

1. Christianity in the East began to branch apart from the West. Describe the differences between eastern Christianity and western Christianity by completing the following chart.
   LITURGY
   West

Answer 74

Holy Spirits come from both God and the Sons

Question 75

1. Christianity in the East began to branch apart from the West. Describe the differences between eastern Christianity and western Christianity by completing the following chart.
   SPIRITUAL LEADER
   East

Answer 75

Patriarch in Constantinople

Question 76

1. Christianity in the East began to branch apart from the West. Describe the differences between eastern Christianity and western Christianity by completing the following chart.
   SPIRITUAL LEADER
   West

Answer 76

Pope in Rome

Question 77

2. What is iconoclasm?

Answer 77

Iconoclasm in the eighth century was the movement to ban the use of icons. Today, iconoclasm is the tearing down of traditional ideas or institutions.

Question 78

3. How did the iconoclastic controversy play a role in the growing divide between the East and West?

Answer 78

The Roman pope condemned the iconoclast movement, and the Byzantine leaders saw that as a Roman attempt to interfere in matters internal to the Byzantine church.

Question 79

4. The iconoclast controversy resulted in a serious division between eastern and western Christianity. What was another outcome of the iconoclast movement?

Answer 79

Another unfortunate outcome was the destruction of thousands of remarkable works of art dating back to the third century

Question 80

In 1054, the pope in Rome and the patriarch in Constantinople ended up excommunicating each other. What exactly did this mean?

Answer 80

It meant that pope and the patriarch declared each other unfit to receive Christian communion, and cast each other out of the church—denying each other the possibility of salvation

Question 81

6. What is the schism of 1054?

Answer 81

The Schism of 1054 was the division in Christianity

Question 82

7. Who were Cyril and Methodius and what are they known for?

Answer 82

Cyril and Methodius were Greek brothers and monks who converted many Slavs to Orthodox Christianity. They helped invent an alphabet that could be used in Slavic languages.

Question 83

8. Describe the Monastic movement by completing the following table.
   What is it?

Answer 83

The renouncing of worldly activities, denying of bodily comforts, and devoting themselves to contemplation of God

Question 84

8. Describe the Monastic movement by completing the following table.
   Where did it begin?

Answer 84

Eastern Roman Empire

Question 85

8. Describe the Monastic movement by completing the following table.
   What were the followers called?

Answer 85

Monks and Nuns

Question 86

8. Describe the Monastic movement by completing the following table.
   Where did the followers live?

Answer 86

In monasteries and convents

Question 87

8. Describe the Monastic movement by completing the following table.
   What were some of the followers’ tasks?

Answer 87

They educated young people, ran hospitals, provided travelers’ aid, and distributed charity. They also did missionary work.

Question 88

8. Describe the Monastic movement by completing the following table.
   What was its impact on the Byzantine culture?

Answer 88

Orthodox monks helped spread Byzantine influence. Orthodox missionaries made many converts among the Slavs.

Question 89

1. Today, Russia is the largest country in the world. Why was it so sparsely populated before the ninth century?

Answer 89

Summers were short, and winters were long and dark. Growing crops was difficult because farmers had to clear trees before they could plow. The thick forests hampered land travel, and slow-moving rivers discouraged water travel.

Question 90

2. What is the main source that details the history of early eastern Slavic clans?

Answer 90

Russian Primary Chronicle

Question 91

3. Who were the Varangarians? What role did they play in the settlement of Russia?

Answer 91

Seafaring warriors from Scandinavia; Eventually they blended with their subjects, and a new group emerged—the Russians

Question 92

4. How did the Russians make their living since the land was so ill-suited for farming?

Answer 92

Russians made their living mainly from commerce. They traded anything they could hunt, trap, fish, or gather

Question 93

5. Why was the town of Novgorod on the upper Volga River an important location? Why was Kiev chosen as the capital instead of Novgorod?

Answer 93

The town of Novgorod linked north European commerce to markets in China, but it made a poor base for trade with the Byzantines. From Kiev, ships had access to the Mediterranean trade network and all the goods available in Constantinople.

Question 94

6. Why did Vladimir decide on a new religion for his people and what religion did he choose?

Answer 94

To unify them; Orthodox Christianity

Question 95

7. Vladimir’s son Yaroslav led Kiev to its greatest period of glory. What were some of his accomplishments?

Answer 95

He built the city into a trading center that drew merchants from places as far as China. He forged new political ties by having his daughters marry into the royal families of western Europe.
He built new churches with the Byzantine-style architecture and art. He founded the first Russian school.
He built the region’s first library and filled it with Slavic translations of Greek and Latin text.
He also had scholars draft the first Russian law code, “Russian Truth.”

Question 96

8. Describe the following:
   Mongols

Answer 96

Nomadic people who came out of Mongolia

Question 97

8. Describe the following:
   Genghis Khan

Answer 97

Mongolian chieftain who led the Mongols on a campaign of plunder and conquest

Question 98

8. Describe the following:
   Tatars

Answer 98

Mongols who charged into Russia, destroying entire towns in their path.

Question 99

8. Describe the following:
   Hordes

Answer 99

Military divisions established by the Mongols

Question 100

9. Who was Ivan the Great and what was his goal for Russia?

Answer 100

Ivan III; to rule all of it

Question 101

10. How did Ivan the Great win the support of the Russian Orthodox Church?

Answer 101

He encouraged his people to believe that Moscow had replaced Rome and Constantinople as the new center of Christianity. He assumed the traditional title of Roman emperors—he called himself the tsar of all Russia. Ivan adopted the double-headed eagle, a symbol of Byzantine power, as his own emblem. He also married a Byzantine princess.

Question 102

11. What did Ivan the Great do to Moscow?

Answer 102

Ivan made Moscow the center of both the Russian church and state. He made it a mighty fortress, a center of learning, and a symbol of Russia’s new power.

Question 103

1. Complete the following to provide some geographic background on the birthplace of Islam.
   THE ARABIAN PENINSULA
   Geography
   Meeting points of 3 continents:

Answer 103

Africa, Asia, Europe

Question 104

1. Complete the following to provide some geographic background on the birthplace of Islam.
   THE ARABIAN PENINSULA
   Geography
   Surrounded by 3 bodies water:

Answer 104

Red Sea, Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf

Question 105

1. Complete the following to provide some geographic background on the birthplace of Islam.
   THE ARABIAN PENINSULA
   Geography
   Predominant landform:

Answer 105

Desert with oases

Question 106

1. Complete the following to provide some geographic background on the birthplace of Islam.
   THE ARABIAN PENINSULA
   People
   Inhabited since ancient times by:

Answer 106

Bedouin

Question 107

1. Complete the following to provide some geographic background on the birthplace of Islam.
   THE ARABIAN PENINSULA
   People
   Earned money as:

Answer 107

Traders

Question 108

1. Complete the following to provide some geographic background on the birthplace of Islam.
   THE ARABIAN PENINSULA
   People
   Organized into:

Answer 108

Families, clans, and tribes

Question 109

1. Complete the following to provide some geographic background on the birthplace of Islam.
   THE ARABIAN PENINSULA
   Relations between tribes:

Answer 109

Fought constantly

Question 110

1. Complete the following to provide some geographic background on the birthplace of Islam.
   THE ARABIAN PENINSULA
   Mecca and Religion
   Location:

Answer 110

Red Sea coast

Question 111

1. Complete the following to provide some geographic background on the birthplace of Islam.
   THE ARABIAN PENINSULA
   Mecca and Religion
   Religion of most Arabs:

Answer 111

polytheistic

Question 112

1. Complete the following to provide some geographic background on the birthplace of Islam.
   THE ARABIAN PENINSULA
   Mecca and Religion
   Became an international center of:

Answer 112

Trade and piligrimage

Question 113

2. What did Muhammad do for a living as a young man?

Answer 113

He led caravans and managed a trading business

Question 114

3. Complete the following timeline to describe important milestones in Muhammad’s life:
   Muhammad escapes to Yathrib (which becomes known as _____) and becomes its leader

Answer 114

Muhammad escapes to Yathrib (which becomes known as MEDINA) and becomes its leader

Question 115

3. Complete the following timeline to describe important milestones in Muhammad’s life:
   Muhammad begins preaching about _____ and urging Meccans to start practicing justice, charity, and peace.

Answer 115

Muhammad begins preaching about ALLAH and urging Meccans to start practicing justice, charity, and peace.

Question 116

3. Complete the following timeline to describe important milestones in Muhammad’s life:
   Muhammad returns and captures _____ proclaiming it the holiest city in Islam

Answer 116

Muhammad returns and captures MECCA proclaiming it the holiest city in Islam

Question 117

3. Complete the following timeline to describe important milestones in Muhammad’s life:
   According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad hear a message from _____ while meditating in a cave.

Answer 117

According to Muslim tradition, Muhammad hear a message from Gabriel while meditating in a cave.

Question 118

4. Muhammad’s followers collected his words and teachings over the years into a single book. What is the name of this book?

Answer 118

Qur’an

Question 119

Judaism, _____ and Islam are all _____ religions. The Qur’an says that _____ is the same God that _____ and Christians worship. Muslims see Judaism and Christianity as religions that came before, and led to, _____ Muslims consider Muhammad the last _____ in a line that includes figures from the Jewish and Christian traditions, such as _____ and Jesus. _____ are taught to respect Jews and Christians as people who share the tradition of God’s revelation to the prophets.

Answer 119

Judaism, CHRISTIANITY and Islam are all MONOTHEISTIC religions. The Qur’an says that ALLAH is the same God that JEWS and Christians worship. Muslims see Judaism and Christianity as religions that came before, and led to, ISLAM Muslims consider Muhammad the last PROPHET in a line that includes figures from the Jewish and Christian traditions, such as MOSES and Jesus. MUSLIMS are taught to respect Jews and Christians as people who share the tradition of God’s revelation to the prophets.

Question 120

6. Muhammad identified five religious duties for Muslims to observe. These are known as the Five Pillars of Islam. Briefly summarize the duty each Muslim has for each of the five pillars.
   Shahadah (The profession of faith)

Answer 120

Muslims must proclaim their faith in Allah and Muhammad’s mission

Question 121

6. Muhammad identified five religious duties for Muslims to observe. These are known as the Five Pillars of Islam. Briefly summarize the duty each Muslim has for each of the five pillars.
   Salat (Prayer)

Answer 121

Must wash themselves and pray five times a day, facing Mecca

Question 122

6. Muhammad identified five religious duties for Muslims to observe. These are known as the Five Pillars of Islam. Briefly summarize the duty each Muslim has for each of the five pillars.
   Zakat (Giving alms)

Answer 122

Must give some of their wealth to those in need

Question 123

6. Muhammad identified five religious duties for Muslims to observe. These are known as the Five Pillars of Islam. Briefly summarize the duty each Muslim has for each of the five pillars.
   Sawm (Fasting)

Answer 123

Must not eat, drink, or smoke during daylight hours during the month of Ramadan

Question 124

6. Muhammad identified five religious duties for Muslims to observe. These are known as the Five Pillars of Islam. Briefly summarize the duty each Muslim has for each of the five pillars.
   Hajj (The pilgrimage to Mecca)

Answer 124

If possible, travel to Mecca and perform certain rituals

Question 125

7. Match each term or place name on the left with its correct definition or description on the right.
8. Hajj (a) Muhammad’s journey from Mecca to Yathrib
9. Ka’bah (b) the month when Muslims fast
10. Medina (c) the city to which Muhammad fled after leaving Mecca
11. imam (d) the pilgrimage every Muslim is expected to make
12. Ramadan (e) an Islamic place of worship
13. Mecca (f) Islamic religious law that governs all aspects of Muslim life
14. Sharia (g) a cube-shaped shrine dedicated to Allah
15. mosque (h) an Islamic religious leader
16. Hijrah (i) the holiest city in Islam

Answer 125

Hajj - D
Ka’bah - G
Medina - C
imam - H
Ramadan - B
Mecca - I
Sharia - F
mosque - E
Hijrah - A

Question 126

1. Who was chosen as the new leader of Islam after Muhammad’s death and what title did he assume?

Answer 126

Abu Bakr; caliph

Question 127

2. In the decades following Muhammad’s death, the state which he had helped create divided. Complete the following to explain why Islam divided after Muhammad’s death.
   SHIA
   Short for Shia Ali, which means:

Answer 127

The party of Ali

Question 128

2. In the decades following Muhammad’s death, the state which he had helped create divided. Complete the following to explain why Islam divided after Muhammad’s death.
   SHIA
   Often referred to as:

Answer 128

Shi’ites

Question 129

2. In the decades following Muhammad’s death, the state which he had helped create divided. Complete the following to explain why Islam divided after Muhammad’s death.
   SHIA
   Believed the caliph should always be someone from:

Answer 129

Muhammad’s family

Question 130

2. In the decades following Muhammad’s death, the state which he had helped create divided. Complete the following to explain why Islam divided after Muhammad’s death.
   SUNNI
   From the Arabic word for:

Answer 130

Example

Question 131

2. In the decades following Muhammad’s death, the state which he had helped create divided. Complete the following to explain why Islam divided after Muhammad’s death.
   SUNNI
   Followers of:

Answer 131

Abu Bakr

Question 132

2. In the decades following Muhammad’s death, the state which he had helped create divided. Complete the following to explain why Islam divided after Muhammad’s death.
   SUNNI
   Believed the caliph should be:

Answer 132

The most capable Muslim

Question 133

2. In the decades following Muhammad’s death, the state which he had helped create divided. Complete the following to explain why Islam divided after Muhammad’s death.
   SUNNI
   Believed the caliph should rule according to what:

Answer 133

The Qur’an

Question 134

3. How did the Umayyad Dynasty’s system of passing power from one leader to the next differ from the system used during the era of the “rightly guided ones”?

Answer 134

During the Umayyad Dynasty, authority was passed from father to son. During the previous era, the caliphs were chosen by the community

Question 135

4. What is the legacy of the split of Islam into Sunni and Shia?

Answer 135

The split persists to this day, and has sometimes caused bitter struggles within Islam.

Question 136

5. Briefly describe the makeup of the Muslim population today, including that of Iraq.

Answer 136

About 90 percent of Muslims today are Sunni. A majority of the world’s Shia population lives in Iraq and Iran

Question 137

7. Why did Baghdad, the capital of the Abbasid Dynasty, grow and prosper?

Answer 137

It was located on the Tigris River, which could be reached by ships sailing in the Indian Ocean. Baghdad was also situated on caravan routes running east and west, from the Mediterranean coast and Asia Minor to India, China, and central Asia

Question 138

8. With which two groups of people did Arabs share power under the Abbasid Dynasty?

Answer 138

Persians and Turks

Question 139

9. Under Abbasid rule, the Islamic Empire grew very _____. Scholarship and _____ thrived. Muslims studied great _____ of the past. They also developed new _____ and explored the _____ world.

Answer 139

Under Abbasid rule, the Islamic Empire grew very PROSPEROUS. Scholarship and LEARNING thrived. Muslims studied great BOOKS of the past. They also developed new PHILOSOPHIES and explored the NATURAL world.

Question 140

10. In what present-day country did an Umayyad prince take control of an independent Muslim state and establish the Umayyad Caliphate?

Answer 140

Spain

Question 141

11. What is the name of the palace complex that Muslims built in Granada, Spain?

Answer 141

Alhambra

Question 142

12. Complete the following to trace the decline and fall of the Abbasid caliphate:
    In 809, a caliph’s _____ fight for power, damaging Baghdad.

Answer 142

In 809, a caliph’s SONS fight for power, damaging Baghdad.

Question 143

12. Complete the following to trace the decline and fall of the Abbasid caliphate:
    The _____ Caliphate in North Africa challenges Abbasid rule.

Answer 143

The FATIMID Caliphate in North Africa challenges Abbasid rule.

Question 144

12. Complete the following to trace the decline and fall of the Abbasid caliphate:
    The _____ Turks take control of Baghdad.

Answer 144

The SELJUK Turks take control of Baghdad.

Question 145

12. Complete the following to trace the decline and fall of the Abbasid caliphate:
    _____ invade Islamic territory and sack Baghdad.

Answer 145

MONGOLS invade Islamic territory and sack Baghdad.

Question 146

1. What did the Sharia have to say about family life?

Answer 146

It commanded that the young honor the old, children obey parents, and parents care for their children. Men could have several wives, and wives were expected to obey their husbands.

Question 147

2. What was life like for Muslim women?

Answer 147

Women were expected to obey their husbands. They had some rights to own and control their own property, and some limited ability to seek divorce. Women’s public and private lives were separate. Women could not show their faces to strangers, so most wore veils

Question 148

4. Why were merchants highly respected?

Answer 148

Because Muhammad had been a merchant

Question 149

Muslims spread _____ and absorbed the _____ of Greek, Chinese, and Indian thought.

Answer 149

Muslims spread ISLAM and absorbed the LEGACIES of Greek, Chinese, and Indian thought.

Question 150

People _____ news, stories, gossip, and ideas; this fueled the _____ of _____ and ideas.

Answer 150

People EXCHANGED news, stories, gossip, and ideas; this fueled the DIFFUSION of CULTURE and ideas.

Question 151

6. Fill in the blanks to describe the various parts of a Muslim city of the tenth century.
   Each city had at least one major _____.
   A city’s major Mosque was usually set in the midst of a spacious public _____.
   Private homes lined narrow streets that snaked between high _____.
   Neighborhoods clustered around _____ that served as places for worship, schools, meeting centers, and housing for travelers.
   The areas in every city that were set aside for merchants to buy and sell goods were called _____.

Answer 151

Each city had at least one major MOSQUE.
A city’s major Mosque was usually set in the midst of a spacious public SQUARE.
Private homes lined narrow streets that snaked between high WALLS.
Neighborhoods clustered around MOSQUES that served as places for worship, schools, meeting centers, and housing for travelers.
The areas in every city that were set aside for merchants to buy and sell goods were called BAZAARS.

Question 152

7. Was scholarship and learning valued in the Muslim Empire? Support your answer with a fact or two from the book.

Answer 152

Yas

Question 153

8. Give two examples of how Muslim scholars preserved ancient Greek and Roman learning.

Answer 153

They built a massive library and research center in Baghdad called the House of Wisdom. In Toledo, Spain, ancient Greek works were translated into Arabic and from Arabic into Latin.