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a&p > Chapter 1: Scientific Method, the Human Body > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Scientific Method, the Human Body Flashcards

1
Q

what is the scientific method and what are the steps

A

an unbiased approach to the natural world
1) observation
2) hypothesis
3) experiment
4) theory (conclude)

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2
Q

what is correlation

A

relationship between two observations

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3
Q

what is causation and what is important to remember

A

shows one event causes a second event. often involves molecular mechanisms

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4
Q

what is a hypothesis

A

proposed explanation for a set of observations

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5
Q

what is a theory

A

hypothesis that has been rigorously tested and is generally true

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6
Q

control group

A

standard of comparison

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7
Q

placebo

A

identical in appearance to actual treatment but of therapeutic value

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8
Q

single blind study

A

subjects do not know what treatment they are receiving

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9
Q

double blind study

A

neither subjects nor investigators know which treatment is being received

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10
Q

anatomy

A

study of the structure of body parts and relationships

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11
Q

physiology and what is important to remember

A

study of the functions of the body’s structural machinery. function always reflects form

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12
Q

gross anatomy

A

can be seen with the naked eye

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13
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

can only be seen with microscope

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14
Q

developmental anatomy

A

how a structure looks as it grows

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15
Q

regional anatomy

A

all the structures in one part of the body

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16
Q

systemic anatomy

A

gross anatomy of the body studied by system

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17
Q

surface anatomy

A

study of internal structures as they relate to the skin

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18
Q

cytology

A

study of cells

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19
Q

histology

A

study of tissues

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20
Q

embryology

A

study of developmental changes before birth

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21
Q

pathological anatomy

A

study of structure changes caused by disease

22
Q

radiographic anatomy

A

study of internal structures visualized by x-ray

23
Q

molecular biology

A

study of anatomical structures at subcellular level

24
Q

necessary life funtions

A

things organisms must DO to survive

25
Q

survival needs

A

things an organism must GET to survive

26
Q

what are the necessary life functions?

A

-maintain boundaries (skin and plasma membrane)
-movement
-responsiveness
-digestion
-metabolism
-excretion
-reproduction
-growth

27
Q

what are the survival needs?

A

-nutrient
-oxygen
-water
-maintain normal body temp
-atmospheric pressure

28
Q

homeostasis

A

ability to maintain relatively stable

29
Q

what is a negative feedback loop and what are the steps?

A

when you must do the opposite to shut off stimulus.
receptor, control center, effector

30
Q

what is a positive feedback loop

A

self amplifying cycle, change leads to even greater change in some direction, builds to climax

31
Q

anatomical position

A

body erect, feet slightly apart, palms forward, thumbs pointing out

32
Q

prone

A

on front

33
Q

supine

A

on back

34
Q

section

A

actual cut or slice that exposes internal anatomy

35
Q

plane

A

imaginary flat surface that passes through body

36
Q

coronal plane

A

vertical place dividing anterior and posterior

37
Q

transversal plane

A

cross section. horizontal plane diving into superior and inferior

38
Q

midsagittal plane

A

vertical plane dicing body into equal left and right parts

39
Q

sagittal plane

A

divides body into left and right unequal halves

40
Q

oblique plane

A

passes through body at an angle

41
Q

posterior vs anterior

A

posterior is the back, behind
anterior is the front, in front of

42
Q

superior (whats the other word)

A

cephalic, on top of

43
Q

inferior (whats the other word)

A

caudal, beneath

44
Q

medial

A

toward the middle

45
Q

lateral

A

away from the middle

46
Q

proximal

A

on appendage toward trunk

47
Q

distal

A

on appendage away from trunk

48
Q

what is the dorsal cavity and what is it divided into

A

protects the nervous system. divided into cranial (in the skull encases the brain) and vertebral (vertical column, houses spine)

49
Q

what is the ventral cavity

A

houses internal organs and viscera, divided into thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity

50
Q

what is the thoracic cavity

A

above the diaphragm. pleural houses the lungs, mediastinum surrounds remaining thoracic organs and contains pericardial cavity

51
Q

what is the abdominopelvic cavity

A

below diaphragm. abdominal contains stomach, liver, spleen etc, pelvic contains bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

a&p (36 decks)

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