Ch 8 Synovial Joints

Question 1

synovial joints

Answer 1

diarthroses
6 general features: articular cartilage, synovial cavity, articular capsule, synovial fluid, supporting ligaments, nerves and blood supply

Question 2

articular cartilage

Answer 2

consists of hyaline cartilage covering the ends of bones, prevents crushing of bones
reduces friction

Question 3

joint cavity

Answer 3

small potential space filled with synovial fluid that is unique to joints
reduces friction

Question 4

articular (joint) capsule

Answer 4

external fibrous layer - dense irregular connective tisse
inner synovial membrane - loose connective tissue that makes synovial fluid
reduces friction

Question 5

synovial fluid

Answer 5

viscous slippery filtrate of plasma and hyaluronic acid
lubricates and nourishes articular cartilage
contains phagocytic cells to remove microbes and debris

Question 6

supporting ligaments

Answer 6

capsular - thickened part of fibrous layer
extra capsular - outside the joint capsule
intracapsular - deep to capsule; covered by synovial membrane

Question 7

blood vessels and nerves

Answer 7

nerves detect pain, monitor joint position (proprioception) and stretch
capillary beds supply filtrate for synovial fluid
web like structure of blood vessels around joint called anastomosis - important to always have a pathway for blood to reach joint

Question 8

types of synovial joints

Answer 8

plane, hinge, pivot, consular, saddle, ball and socket

Question 9

plane joint

Answer 9

sliding and gliding joints
nonaxial
intercarpal and intertarsal joints, joints between vertebral articular surfaces

Question 10

hinge

Answer 10

flexion and extension
uniaxial
elbow, interphalangeal joints

Question 11

pivot

Answer 11

one bone rotates around another, rotation
uniaxial
proximal radioulnar joints, alantoaxial joints

Question 12

consular

Answer 12

condyles coming together
flexion and extension, adduction and abduction
biaxial movement
metacarpal joints
metacarpophalangeal (knuckle) joint, wrist joint

Question 13

saddle

Answer 13

biaxial
adduction and abduction, flexion and extension
carpometacarpal joints of thumb

Question 14

ball and socket

Answer 14

multiaxial
flexion and extension, adduction and abduction, rotation
shoulder and hip joints

Question 15

five main synovial joints

Answer 15

knee, shoulder, elbow, hip, jaw

Question 16

knee joint

Answer 16

largest, most complex
consists of three joints surrounded by single cavity
1) femoropatellar - plane joint allows for gliding during flexion
2 and 3) Lateral and Medial Joint
-hinge joint allows flexion, extension, and some rotation when knee partly flexed; lateral and medial joints together are called tibiofemoral joint
- it is the joint between femoral condyles and lateral and menisci of tibia

Question 17

shoulder (glenohumeral joint)

Answer 17

glenoid labrum - fibrocartilagenous rim around glenoid cavity adds depth. only holds 1/3 head of humerus
coracohumeral ligament supports weight of upper limb
three glenoid humeral ligaments strengthen anterior capsule
four rotator cuffs tendons: subscapulus, suprascapulus, infraspinous, teres minor

Question 18

elbow joint

Answer 18

hinge joint allows for flexion and extension only
annuler ligament surrounds head of radius
ulnarcollateral ligament and radial collateral ligament restrict side to side movement

Question 19

hip (coxal) joint

Answer 19

ball and socket joint
acetebulum labrum - rim of fibrocartilage that enhances depth of socket

Question 20

class one lever

Answer 20

fulcrum in middle, effort on one end, resistance on the other end
movement between atlas and occipital condyle of skull

Question 21

class two lever

Answer 21

fulcrum on one side, load in the middle, effort on other end
like wheelbarrow, best kind of lever
gastroc-soleus pulling on calcaneus

Question 22

class three level

Answer 22

fulcrum on one side, effort in the middle, load on other end
like chopsticks, most muscles
elbow joint, mandible when eating