Ch 12 Nervous System - Neurotransmitters

Question 1

neurotransmitters

Answer 1

chemicals used for neuronal communication w body and brain

Question 2

chemical neurotransmitters

Answer 2

acetylcholine, biogenic amines, amino acids, peptides, novel messengers (ATP and dissolved NO and CO)

Question 3

acetylcholine

Answer 3

CNS - motor cortex
PNS - neuromuscular junction
excitatory or inhibitory (skeletal muscle vs myocardium)

Question 4

biogenic amines

Answer 4

catecholamines and indolamines
play roles in emotional behaviors and biological clock

Question 5

catecholamines

Answer 5

dopamine, norepinephrine (NE), and epinephrine

Question 6

indolamines

Answer 6

serotonin and histamine

Question 7

dopamine

Answer 7

CNS - hypothalamus
PNS - sympathetic neurons
excitatory or inhibitory; “feel good” NT

Question 8

serotonin

Answer 8

CNS - hypothalamus; limbic system
inhibitory
plays roll in sleep, appetite, migraines
important in mood regulation

Question 9

amino acids

Answer 9

found only in CNS
GABA, glycine, glutamate, aspartate (NMDA)

Question 10

GABA

Answer 10

CNS - hypothalamus; spinal cord
inhibitory
too much or too little can affect wanted and unwanted movements

Question 11

peptides

Answer 11

substance P - mediator of pain signals
beta endorphin, dynorphin, enkephalins
act as natural opiates, reducing perception of pain
gut brain peptides - somatostatin and cholecystokinin

Question 12

endorphins and enkephalins

Answer 12

CNS - hypothalamus; cerebral cortex
inhibitory
natural pain killer

Question 13

ATP

Answer 13

found in both CNS and PNS
excitatory and inhibitory
introduces Ca++ wave propagation in astrocytes
provokes pain sensation

Question 14

excitatory neurotransmitters

Answer 14

cause depolarization (eg glutamate)

Question 15

inhibitory neurotransmitters

Answer 15

cause hyperpolarization (eg GABA and glycine)

Question 16

divergent neuronal pool

Answer 16

one incoming fiber stimulates ever increasing number of fibers, often amplifying circuits

Question 17

convergent neuronal pool

Answer 17

opposite of divergent; results in either strong stimulation or inhibition