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college biology > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

What is biology?

A

The study of living things.

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2
Q

What are characteristics of all living organisms?

A
  1. Made of cells
  2. different molecular structure than living things
  3. sensitivity to environment
  4. growth, development, and reproduction
  5. energy utilization
  6. homeostasis
  7. evolutionary adaptation
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3
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintaining a certain condition in change.

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4
Q

What determines function?

A

structure.

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5
Q

What are 5 levels of complexity and specificity that can be studied in biology?

A
  1. Cellular level
  2. Organismal level
  3. Population level
  4. Ecosystem level
  5. Biosphere
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6
Q

What is cellular level?

A

The level that includes atoms, molecules and organelle cells. It is the basic unit of life.

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7
Q

What is the organismal level?

A

The level that includes tissues, organs, and organ systems.

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8
Q

What is the population level?

A

The level that includes population and community.

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9
Q

What is the biosphere?

A

The ecosystem of the earth.

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10
Q

What is chemistry?

A

The study of matter.

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11
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that has mass and occupies space.

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12
Q

What is matter made of?

A

Elements.

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13
Q

What is the simplest form of matter?

A

Elements.

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14
Q

What are elements made of?

A

Molecules.

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15
Q

What is one molecule of an element called?

A

An atom.

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16
Q

Which 6 elements does 99% of human body weight consist of?

A
  1. Oxygen
  2. Carbon
  3. Hydrogen
  4. Nitrogen
  5. Calcium
  6. Phosphorus
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17
Q

What are chemical bonds?

A

Attractive forces holding atoms together.

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18
Q

What are 3 kinds of chemical bonds?

A
  1. Covalent bonds - very strong (like glue)
  2. Ionic bonds - medium strength (Like a magnet)
  3. Hydrogen bonds - weak (like static)
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19
Q

What is energy?

A

the capacity to do work.

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20
Q

What fuels life?

A

energy.

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21
Q

What is potential energy?

A

Stored energy.

22
Q

What is kinetic energy?

A

Energy in motion, doing work.

23
Q

Can energy be transformed?

A

Yes. Kinetic energy can be transformed to potential energy and vice versa.

24
Q

What is ATP?

A
  1. It is a nucleotide called adenosine triphosphate.
  2. universal energy source
  3. carries energy
25
Q

What happens when bonds are broken?

A

Energy is released.

26
Q

What partial electrical charge does Oxygen have in H2O?

A

A partial negative charge.

27
Q

What partial electrical charge does Hydrogen have in H2O?

A

A partial positive charge.

28
Q

How are hydrogen bonds produced?

A

The polarity of water allows water molecules to be attracted to one another, producing hydrogen bonds.

29
Q

What is the individual strength of hydrogen bonds vs. the cumulative strength?

A

The individual strength is very weak, but cumulative effects are enormous.

30
Q

What is responsible for many of water’s important physical properties?

A

Hydrogen bonds.

31
Q

What is cohesion?

A

When water molecules stick to other water molecules by hydrogen bonding.

32
Q

What is adhesion?

A

When water molecules tick to other polar molecules by hydrogen bonding.

33
Q

What are 6 properties of water?

A
  1. Water has a high specific heat
  2. Water has a high heat of vaporization
  3. Solid water is less dense than liquid water
  4. Water is a good solvent
  5. Water organizes nonpolar molecules
  6. Water can form ions
34
Q

What does it mean that water has a high specific heat?

A

It takes a large amount of energy to change the temperature of it.

35
Q

What does it mean that water has a high heat of vaporization?

A

the evaporation of water from a surface causes the cooling of that surface.

36
Q

What does it mean that water is a good solvent?

A

Water dissolves polar molecules and ions.

37
Q

What are hydrophilic molecules?

A

nonpolar molecules that are ‘water loving’.

38
Q

What are hydrophobic molecules?

A

nonpolar molecules that are ‘water fearing’.

39
Q

what does it mean that water organizes nonpolar molecules?

A

Water causes hydrophobic molecules to aggregate or assume specific shapes.

40
Q

What are the 2 ions that water can form?

A
  1. Hydroxide ion OH-
  2. Hydrogen ion H+
41
Q

What does pH represent?

A

The negative logarithm of hydrogen ion concentration of a solution.

42
Q

What is considered to be a neutral pH?

A

[H+] of 10^-7 or pH of 7

43
Q

What makes a solution an acid?

A

When it has more hydrogen ions. (A smaller negative power means there is more hydrogen ions)

44
Q

What makes a solution a base?

A

When it has less hydrogen ions. (A bigger negative power means there are less hydrogen ions)

45
Q

What pH is considered acidic?

A

0-7 (10^-1 through 10^-6.9)

46
Q

What pH is considered basic?

A

7-14 (10^-7.1 through 10^-14)

47
Q

What pH is considered neutral?

A

7

48
Q

What is a buffer?

A

A substance that resists changes in pH.

49
Q

How do buffers work?

A

they release hydrogen ions when a base is added and absorb hydrogen ions when acid is added.

50
Q

What do most biological buffers consist of?

A

Most consist of a pair of molecules, on acid and one base.

51
Q
A

college biology (24 decks)

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