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College Biology > Lecture 5 > Flashcards

Lecture 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What are specie interactions?

A

The direct and indirect interrelationship or association between different organisms.

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2
Q

What are types of species interactions?

A
  1. Competition ( - , - )
  2. Predation ( + , - )
  3. Parasitism ( + , - )
  4. Commensalism ( + , 0 )
  5. Mutualism ( + , + )
  6. Amensalism ( - , 0 )
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3
Q

What is competition?

A

The mutual use of a limited resources by populations of two or more species, each negatively effecting the other.

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4
Q

What are the two types of competition?

A
  1. Same species (intraspecific)
  2. Different species (interspecific)
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5
Q

What is exploitation competition?

A

When one species denies another access to a resource by consuming it first. An example is canopy cover.

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6
Q

What is interference competition?

A

When one species actively inhibits the foraging, survival, or reproduction of other species. An example is male-male competition by dear.

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7
Q

What are possible results of competition?

A
  1. Competitive exclusion
  2. Coexistence
  3. Resource partitioning and character displacement
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8
Q

What is competative exclusion?

A

Local elimination of a competing species.

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9
Q

What is coexistence?

A

When a single species or different species within the same habitat, but they have different niches.

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10
Q

What is an example of coexistence?

A

The common spiny mouse and the golden spiny mouse. Both species are normally nocturnal, but when they coexist the golden spiny mouse becomes diurnal (active during the day).

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11
Q

What is resource partitioning and character displacement?

A

The division of resources due to resource partitioning. Character displacement helps to obtain resources more efficiently.

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12
Q

What is an example of resource partitioning and character displacement?

A

Darwin’s finches.

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13
Q

When does predation occur?

A

When one organism (predator) consumes part or all of another organism (prey). Can be herbivores or carnivores.

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14
Q

What is parisitism?

A

When one organism (parasite) derives nourishment from another organism (host) which is harmed in the process.

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15
Q

What are examples of parasites?

A

Virus, bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and invertebrates.

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16
Q

What are two types of parasites based on the interaction with the host and life cycle?

A
  1. Obligate Parasite
  2. Facultative Parasite
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17
Q

What is an obligate parasite?

A

A parasite that is totally dependent on the host to complete its life cycle. Ex: head lice.

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18
Q

What is a facultative parisite?

A

A parasite that is not completely dependent on the host. EX: brain eating amoeba.

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19
Q

What are two types of parasites based on the place where the parasite is present on the host?

A
  1. Ectoparasite
  2. Endoparasite
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20
Q

What is an ectoparasite?

A

A parasite that lives on the host.

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21
Q

What is an endoparasite?

A

A parasite that lives inside the host.

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22
Q

What are examples of parasitism?

A
  1. Eye worm - You don’t know it is in your body until they get to your eye and your eye itches
  2. Tabacco horn worm - Lays eggs on top of a bug
  3. Fleas and ticks
  4. Tapeworm and roundworm
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23
Q

What is commensalism?

A

An association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit or harm.

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24
Q

What are four examples of commensalism?

A
  1. Cattle egrets - Hang around grazing animals and eat bugs stirred up by the animal
  2. Bacteria on skin - The bacteria benefits from the warm, moist environment
  3. Demodex mites - Can be obligate commensals or obligate parasites (depending on density). They are nocturnal mites that live in hair follicles on the face and eat dead skin cells.
  4. Lions and hyenas - Hyenas scavenge what lions kill
25
Q

Why don’t lions eat hyenas?

A

Because they have separate niches, they are both apex preditors.

26
Q

What is an apex preditor?

A

An animal that is at the top of its food chain.

27
Q

What are examples of commensalism with plants?

A
  1. Birds that live in holes of trees
  2. Epiphytes
28
Q

What is an epiphyte?

A

A plant that grows upon another plant for better access to sunlight and moisture.

29
Q

What are examples of epyphytes?

A

Orchids, ferns, moss, lichen.

30
Q

What is mutualism?

A

When both species benefit.

31
Q

What are two types of mutualism?

A
  1. Obligate - necessary for the survival of one or both species
  2. Facultative - one species may survive in the absence of the other
32
Q

What is lichen?

A

A composite organism that can live in harsh environments.

33
Q

What is mutualism between lichens?

A

a mutualistic association between species of algae and/or cyanobacteria and a species of fungus. This is an example of a bipartite.

34
Q

What two parts make a bipartite?

A
  1. Photobiont
  2. Mycobiont
35
Q

What is a photobiont?

A

It provides carbohydrates and other organic nutrients as a result of photosynthesis and provides food for both partners. It is in a thin layer or pockets.

36
Q

What part of lichen is the photobiont?

A

Algae and cyanobacteria.

37
Q

What is a mycobiont?

A

Fungus retains water and takes up minerals for Maintenace. It forms the majority of the lichen body.

38
Q

What is a tripartide?

A

A lichen with 3 partners such as green algae, cyanobacteria, and fungi.

39
Q

What is lichen important for?

A

It plays a role in nutrient cycling as a repeated pathway of nutrients and elements back to the environment.

40
Q

What is nitrogen fixation?

A

The chemical process by which atmospheric nitrogen assimilated into organic compounds, especially by certain microorganisms as part of the nitrogen cycle.

41
Q

What can lichen be an indicator of?

A

Air polution.

42
Q

What is lichen food for?

A

Higher trophic feeders.

43
Q

What percentage of earth’s land is covered by lichens?

A

6-8%

44
Q

Are lichens always considered mutualistic?

A

No. They can also be considered commensalism and parasitic.

45
Q

Why do parasitic lichen relationships continue?

A

Because the reproduction of the photobiont cells matches the rate at which they are destroyed.

46
Q

What is another example of mutualism?

A

Pollination.

47
Q

What is pollination?

A

When pollen is transferred from the anther of one plant to the stigma of another, enabling fertilization.

48
Q

What is the waggle dance?

A

A dance that bees perform to tell their fellow bees what direction and how far away a good flower is.

49
Q

What are other examples of pollinators?

A
  1. Mosquitos
  2. Bees
  3. Moths
50
Q

What is amensalism?

A

When one species is inhibited and the other is unaffected.

51
Q

What is amensalism a form of?

A

Single-sided competition.

52
Q

What is allelopathy?

A

Biological phenomenon by which an organism produces one or more biochemicals that influence the growth, survival, and reproduction of other organisms.

53
Q

What are examples of amensalism?

A
  1. Black walnut - store allelopathic properties in leaves, etc. Niteshades are susceptible
  2. Penicillin - secretes chemicals that kills harmful microbes
  3. Algal bloom - results in harmful or fatal effects on people or anything ingesting the water
54
Q

What is coevolution?

A

When two species evolve in response to one another.

55
Q

What is the Red Queen Hypothesis (RQH)?

A

The theory that continuing adaptation is needed in order for a species to maintain its relative fitness amongst the systems it is coevolving with.

56
Q

What types of interactions does RQH describe?

A

Host-parasite relationship and predator-prey relationship.

57
Q

What are issues with RQH?

A
  1. It comes from studying binary relationships (one parasite in one host) which limits understanding
  2. It needs to be made more realistic
  3. It doesn’t work when one evolves faster than the other and provides more benefits than it receives
58
Q

What is the Red King Effect?

A

The theory that mutualists develop more slowly.

59
Q
A

College Biology (24 decks)

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