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College Biology > Lecture 8 > Flashcards

Lecture 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What are 2 types of reproduction by dividing into two?

A
  1. Binary fission
  2. Mitosis
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2
Q

Which type of reproduction do unicellular organisms (such as prokaryotes) use?

A

Binary fission.

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3
Q

Which type of reproduction do multicellular organisms (such as eukaryotes) use?

A

Mitosis.

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4
Q

How does binary fission work?

A

The circular bacterial chromosome is replicated and the cell begins to separate, forming a septum in between the two cells, before completely pinching off.

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5
Q

What are the 2 main phases of the eukaryotic cell cycle?

A
  1. Interphase - the time in between cell division
  2. M phase - when the cells divide
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6
Q

What are the 3 phases within interphase?

A
  1. G1
  2. S
  3. G2
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7
Q

What are the 2 phases within M phase?

A
  1. Mitosis - when the DNA is divided
  2. Cytokinesis - when the cells divide
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8
Q

What happens during G1 phase or gap phase 1?

A

It is the primary growth phase and the longest phase.

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9
Q

What happens during S phase or Synthesis phase?

A

Replication of the DNA.

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10
Q

What happens during the G2 phase or gap 2 phase?

A

Organelles are replicated and the microtubules are organized.

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11
Q

What happens during the C phase or cytokinesis phase?

A

The 2 new cells separate.

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12
Q

What types of cells take longer to complete the cell cycle?

A

Mature cells.

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13
Q

How long do typical mammalian cells take to complete the cell cycle?

A

24 hours.

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14
Q

What are 4 phases of mitosis?

A
  1. Prophase
  2. Prometaphase
  3. Anaphase
  4. Telophase
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15
Q

What is a centromere?

A

A point of constriction.

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16
Q

What is the kinetochore?

A

The attachment site for microtubules.

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17
Q

How do chromatids stay together?

A

Both sister chromatid has a centromere that attach to each other.

18
Q

What is the prophase?

A

When the chromosomes are condensed, the spindle apparatus is assembled, and the nuclear envelope breaks down.

19
Q

How is the spindle apparatus formed?

A

Two centrioles move to opposite poles.

20
Q

What is an aster?

A

A radial array of microtubules in animals.

21
Q

Do plants have centrioles or asters?

A

no.

22
Q

What is the prometaphase?

A

When the microtubules attach to the kinetochores and the chromosomes are moved to the center of the cell.

23
Q

What is the metaphase?

A

When the chromosomes are aligned with the metaphase plate.

24
Q

What is the anaphase?

A

When the chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles.

25
Q

What is the telophase?

A

When the spindle apparatus disassembles and the nuclear envelope forms around each set of sister chromatids and the chromatids relax.

26
Q

After separating, what are the sister chromatids called?

A

Chromosomes.

27
Q

What is cytokinesis?

A

When the cells split into equal halves.

28
Q

How is cytokinesis different in plant cells and animal cells?

A

In animals the actin filament constricts to separate the 2 cells, but in plants the cell plate forms between the nuclei.

29
Q

What are controls of the cell cycle?

A

The cell cycle has 2 irreversible points and can be put on hold at specific points called checkpoints.

30
Q

What are the two irreversible points of the cell cycle?

A
  1. Once the chromosomes are replicated
  2. Once the sister chromatids are separated.
31
Q

Where are the 3 checkpoints in the cell cycle?

A
  1. G1/S checkpoint
  2. G2/M checkpoint
  3. Late metaphase checkpoint
32
Q

What is the G1/S checkpoint?

A

checkpoint where the cell decides whether or not to reproduce.

33
Q

What is the G2/M checkpoint?

A

When the cell commits the mitosis and checks to see if the DNA was replicated properly.

34
Q

What is the late metaphase checkpoint?

A

The cell checks to make sure the chromosomes are attached to the spindle.

35
Q

What are 3 cell cycle control factors?

A
  1. MPF
    2.Cyclins
  2. cdc2
36
Q

What is MPF?

A

Maturation-promoting factor.

37
Q

What is MPF made of?

A

Cyclin and cdc2.

38
Q

What is cdk?

A

Cyclin-dependent kinase or cyclin complex.

39
Q

what is ckd important for?

A

driving the cell cycle.

40
Q

What activates and inactivates the cdk?

A

phosphorylation.

41
Q
A

College Biology (24 decks)

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