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college biology > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Cellular respiration is….

A

A process to generate energy using oxygen.

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2
Q

In aerobic respiration what is glucose converted into what?

A

CO2, H2O, and energy.

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3
Q

Name the 4 steps of cellular respiration.

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate oxidation
  3. Citric acid cycle
  4. electron transport chain and chemiosmosis
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4
Q

In fermentation in humans what is glucose converted into?

A

Lactic acid.

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5
Q

What is the reason for fermentation?

A

To recycle NADH into NAD+ to continue the cycle when there is no oxygen avaliable.

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6
Q

What molecule is the electron carrier that starts the electron transport chain?

A

Oxygen.

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7
Q

Glycolysis converts glucose into what?

A

Pyruvate, ATP, and NADH.

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8
Q

What is the starting carbon molecule for the citric acid cycle?

A

Acetyl-CoA.

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9
Q

Name 3 of the products of the citric acid cycle.

A

ATP, NADH, FADH 2, CO2

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10
Q

What does ATP synthase do and what is it powered by?

A

It makes ATP and is powered by a protein gradient.

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11
Q

what are inputs and outputs of photosynthesis generally?

A

Inputs are light, carbon dioxide, and water. Outputs are oxygen and sugar.

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12
Q

What happens in light dependant reactions?

A

Light is used to create ATP and NADPH.

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13
Q

What is the main pigment in plants?

A

Chlorophyll.

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14
Q

If a cell has 1 photosystem what type of photosynthesis will it perform?

A

Cyclic photophosphorylatioin.

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15
Q

What does the photosystem do?

A

It is the thing with pigment that gathers light.

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16
Q

what happens in the light independent reactions?

A

CO2 and energy is used to make glucose.

17
Q

Photosynthesis and respiration create an energy cycle. Explain what is meant by this.

A

The products made by photosynthesis are used in respiration to produce energy and the products of respiration are used in photosynthesis to produce more energy.

18
Q

what is the name of the cycle in the light independent or dark reactions?

A

The Kelvin cycle.

19
Q

What is DNA replication?

A

When DNA is replicated. The DNA is unwound from the double helix and each strand is used as a template for replication.

20
Q

Name and describe the function of 3 of the enzymes involved in the DNA replication.

A
  1. Single strand binding proteins - coat the strands of DNA to keep them from rewinding into double helix
  2. Helicase - unwinds DNA
  3. Topoisomerase - Takes knots and twists out of DNA
21
Q

What is the name of the chromosome structure at the end of the chromosome?

A

The telomere.

22
Q

what is the process of bacterial cell division called?

A

Binary fission.

23
Q

List in order the stages of the cell cycle.

A
  1. Interphase
    A. G1 - main growth phase
    B. S - DNA is replicated
    C. G2 - organelles are made
  2. Mphase
    A. Mitosis - DNA is split
    B. Cytokinesis - cells split
24
Q

Describe the stages of mitosis.

A
  1. Prometaphase - DNA compresses and forms X’s and microtubules attach
  2. Metaphase - Chromosomes are moved to a single line in the middle of the cell
  3. Anaphase - Sister chromatids are split
  4. Telophase - Nuclear envelope reforms around both sets of chromosomes and chromosomes relax
25
Q

What are the differences between mitosis and meiosis?

A
  1. In meiosis, homologous chromosomes pair and cross over
  2. Chromosomes line up in double line
  3. No DNA is produced between Meiosis 1 and 2
  4. Chromatids stay connected through anaphase 1
26
Q

What are the proteins (or protein complex) that control the cycle?

A

MPF, Cdc2, and cyclin.

27
Q

Describe the stages of meiosis.

A

Meiosis 1
A. Prophase 1 - Chromosomes compress, synapsis occurs, and microtubules attach
B. Metaphase 1 - chromosomes move to the middle of the cell in double line
C. Anaphase 1 - homologous chromosomes are split
D. Telophase 1 - nuclear envelope reforms

Meiosis 2
A. prophase 2 - Same as 1
B. Metaphase 2 - Chromosomes move to middle of cell
C. Anaphase 2 - sister chromatids are separated
D. Telophase 2 - nuclear envelope reforms

Results in 4 haploid cells.

28
Q

What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?

A

A genotype are the genes an organism has. A phenotype is the traits an organism has.

29
Q

Height is a trait that many different phenotype. what is the explanation for variation?

A

There is not only one gene that affects height.

30
Q

What does it mean to be heterozygous?

A

To have 2 different alleles.

31
Q

What is the difference between a gene that is dominant, co-dominant, or incomplete dominant in heterozygous situations?

A
  1. If a gene is dominant, it gets its way and is expressed
  2. If a gene is co-dominant, both genes get their way and are expressed
  3. If a gene is incompletely dominant, neither gene gets their way and are watered down
32
Q

What is it called if an organism has more or less copies of chromosome than it is normal?

A

Polypeptide.

33
Q
A

college biology (24 decks)

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