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microbiology > C-2 > Flashcards

C-2 Flashcards

1
Q

why is cell size limited using square-cube law

A

the surface area is supporting the volume by transporting food/raw materials into the cell and excreting waste out of the cell - needs to be large enough to support the chemistry inside but not too big

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2
Q

square-cube law

A

volume grows faster than surface area

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3
Q

surface area to volume ratio as a cell gets smaller

A

the ratio increases

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4
Q

surface area to volume ratio as a cell gets larger

A

the ratio decreases

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5
Q

size range of most microbes

A

1 micrometer = bacteria

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6
Q

binomial nomenclature rules

A
  1. capitalize genus
  2. don’t capitalize species
  3. italicize or underline scientific name
  4. names may be abbreviated but only if written in full prior in work
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7
Q

what is the general way microbes are named and classified

A
  1. appearance/morphology
  2. nucleus or not
  3. molecular techniques
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8
Q

why is species not as useful to microbiologists as other biologists

A

may be similar species, but not as specific to the diseases they cause so they are mostly ignored

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9
Q

morphology

A

shape and arrangement of microbes

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10
Q

how is morphology used to name microbes

A

usually the first word in the name is the cell shape

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11
Q

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

A

prokaryote: no nucleus, nucleoid region instead where DNA is supercoiled

eukaryote: a nucleus, nucleolus that contains genes involved in making ribosomes

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12
Q

how are the 3 domains sorted into prokaryotes and eukaryotes

A

whether they have a nucleus or not

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13
Q

glycocalyx

A

capsule or slime layer - protects cells from desiccation (drying out) and environmental stress and phagocytosis

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14
Q

fimbriae and pilli

A

extend beyond glycocalyx to help bacteria attach to surfaces and other bacteria (similar to flagella but smaller)

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15
Q

flagella

A

used for motility or movement

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16
Q

cell wall

A

gives cells structure, shape, and protection from osmotic pressure

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17
Q

endospores

A

helps cells hibernate when growth conditions aren’t favorable, helps cells resist heat, drying, and other harsh conditions

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18
Q

what types of bacteria make these structures (gram positive or negative)

A

gram positive- endospores

gram negative- membranes,

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19
Q

biofilm

A

an aggregation of microbes that stick together and to surfaces; help protect the innermost organisms from antibiotics and immune responses (ex. plaque on tooth)

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20
Q

what bacterial structures are important for biofilm formation

A

frimbriae have adhesins to stick to surfaces

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21
Q

gram postive vs gram negative bacteria

A

gram positive- thicker layer of peptidoglycan, single cytoplasmic membrane (dense cell wall)

gram negative- thinner layer of peptidoglycan, inner cytoplasmic membrane and outer LPS membrane (less dense, more layers)

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22
Q

lag phase

A
  • acclimation period
  • adjusting to the environment
  • making materials for growth/building new cell components
  • slow reproduction
  • not limited by space or nutrients
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23
Q

log phase

A
  • exponential growth
  • constant rate of increase (number of cells over time)
  • actively dividing
  • not limited by space or nutrients
24
Q

stationary phase

A
  • space and nutrients are decreasing (limit ability to grow)
  • waste is also accumulating
  • death rate = birth rate
25
Q

death phase

A
  • rapid decrease in number of live cells
  • death rate greater that birth rate
  • survivors can be subcultured to sustain population in culture
26
Q

what does growth mean in a bacterial growth curve

A

increasing in number

27
Q

bacterial reproduction by binary fission

A

cells split into two

28
Q

generation time

A

20-30 minutes normally

29
Q

nutritional requirements

A

energy source
carbon
nitrogen
sulfur
phosphorus
ions and trace metals
water

30
Q

autotrophs vs heterotrophs

A

self-feeding (inorganic) vs other-feeding (organic)

31
Q

chemotrophs vs phototrophs

A

chemical eating vs light eating

32
Q

chemoheterotroph

A

chemical eating but organic

33
Q

chemoautotroph

A

chemical eating but inorganic

34
Q

photoheterotroph

A

light eating but organic

35
Q

photoautotroph

A

light eating but inorganic

36
Q

oxygen preferences (aerobe vs anaerobe)

A

aerobe - uses oxygen
anaerobe - doesn’t use oxygen

37
Q

temp preferences (psychrophile, mesophile, and thermophile)

A

psychrophile - cold temps
mesophile - medium (human body temp)
thermophile - hot temps

38
Q

pH preferences (acidophile, neutrophile, and alkaliphile)

A

acidophile - acidic
neutrophile - neutral
alkaliphile - alkaline

39
Q

osmotic pressure/tonicity (hypertonic, isotonic, hypotonic)

A

hypertonic - higher solute concentration (more water leaving cell)
isotonic - same solute concentration
hypotonic - lower solute concentration (more water into cell)

40
Q

halophile and what type of environment do they prefer

A

grow and thrive at really high salt concentrations

41
Q

osmosis

A

flow of water in and out of the cell

42
Q

what does osmotic pressure do to water movement in a cell

A

reduce water potential; moves water in and out depending on cells needs

43
Q

what do macromolecules make up in cells? what elements are found inside? (lipids, carbs, amino acids, nucleic acids)

A

monomers

amino acids: water, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur

lipids: water and carbon

carbs: water and carbon

nucleic acids: water, carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus

44
Q

coccus

A

sphere

45
Q

bacillus

A

rod

46
Q

coccobacillus

A

spherical rod

47
Q

vibrio

A

comma shaped; curved

48
Q

spirillum

A

spiral

49
Q

spirochete

A

corkscrew shaped

50
Q

pleomorphic

A

no shape

51
Q

star

A

star shaped

52
Q

diplo

A

2

53
Q

strepto

A

strip or chain

54
Q

staphylo

A

irregular clump (cocci only)

55
Q

palisade

A

fence (bacilli only)

microbiology (15 decks)

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