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microbiology > C-12 > Flashcards

C-12 Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy, physiology, and normal flora of the oral cavity

A

crown, enamel, periodontium tissue around tooth

flora: bacteria, yeast

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2
Q

How is saliva produced and how does it help protect teeth and prevent infection?

A

by salivary glands; contains lysozyme, calcium, IgA and antimicrobial peptides, and neutral pH - Calcium helps re-mineralize enamel

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3
Q

What are the structures of teeth and periodontium?

A

gingiva
alveolar bone
cementum
PDL

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4
Q

formation of plaque and calculus, roles of Streptococcus mutans and acid-producing bacteria

A

s. mutans grows on teeth and anchors biofilms to teeth

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5
Q

formation of dental caries, roles of Streptococcus mutans and acid-producing bacteria

A

s. mutans and yeast interact and enhance infections that lead to dental caries - yeast overgrows

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6
Q

What type of metabolism produces acid in the mouth and what environmental conditions are required for this metabolism

A

lactic acid - anaerobic fermentation

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7
Q

Porphyromonas gingivalis - gingivitis

A

virulence: Adhesins, anaerobe

transmission: normal flora

signs: swollen gums

tx: proper hygiene and avoid sugars

morphology: gram - rods

affected tissues: gums (gingiva)

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8
Q

Porphyromonas gingivalis - periodontitis

A

virulence: same

transmission: same

signs: bone loss, receding gums

tx: same

morphology: same

affected tissues: gums and bone

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9
Q

Porphyromonas gingivalis – how does it cause inflammation?

A

pro-infammatory organism - bacteria buildup under tooth and detachment of gingiva

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10
Q

Which is reversible – gingivitis or periodontitis?

A

gingivitis

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11
Q

Oral thrush (Candida albicans)

A

yeast

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12
Q

Mumps (Mumps virus)

A

virulence: adhesions

transmission: direct contact, fomite contaminated with saliva

signs: swollen salivary glands

tx: MMR vaccine

morphology: enveloped, ssRNA

affected tissues: parotid salivary gland

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13
Q

anatomy, physiology, and normal flora of the gastrointestinal tract, role of the stomach, small intestine, large intestines, and liver

A

flora: bacteria, enterics, virome, fungi, archaea

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14
Q

What are the mechanisms of diarrhea?

A

Diarrhea is the increase in
volume of stool or frequency of defecation

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15
Q

What is meant by secretion versus absorption in the intestines? What sorts of things are absorbed and secreted by the small intestine and large intestine?

A

into cells = absorption
into lumen = secretion

absorbs nutrients, water, salts

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16
Q

What must microbes be able to do to survive stomach acid and make it to the intestines?

A

hydrolyze macromolecules (?)

17
Q

Staphylococcal enterotoxicosis – Staphylococcus aureus

A

disease: Bacterial intoxication - Staphylococcal food poisoning

virulence: enterotoxin

transmission: Contaminated food – bacteria survive salt, toxin is heat stable and can withstand cooking

signs: Intense cramping, vomiting, and diarrhea ~24 hours

tx: Self-limiting, proper food handling, fluid replacement

morphology: Bacteria – gram positive staphylococci

affected tissues: intestines

18
Q

Aflatoxin poisoning – Aspergillus

A

disease: Fungal intoxication - Aflatoxin poisoning, liver cancer, liver cirrhosis

virulence: Aflatoxin

transmission: Contaminated food – improperly stored grains and legumes

signs: Nausea, vomiting, pain, severe damage to liver (jaundice)

tx: Regulate foods – no specific antidote for poisoning

morphology: Fungus – mold

affected tissues: liver

19
Q

enterotoxigenic E. coli

A

disease: Travelers’ diarrhea/ dysentery

virulence: Shiga toxin, T3SS, enterotoxins

transmission: Fecal-oral: contaminated produce/meat

signs: Dysentery – bloody diarrhea

tx: Rehydration/fluids – no
antibiotics if EHEC

morphology: Gm (–) rods, flagella

affected tissues: intestines

20
Q

Salmonella typhimurium

A

disease: Salmonellosis, Typhoid fever

virulence: T3SS (Type 3 secretion system) Enterotoxins. S. typhi - capsule

transmission: Fecal-oral: food/carriers

signs:
Shigellosis – can cause dysentery
Typhoid fever: rash and fever

tx: Rehydration/fluids - Fluoroquinolones or macrolides, S. Typhi vaccine

morphology: Gm (–) rods, flagella

affected tissues: intestines

21
Q

Shigella dysenteriae

A

disease: Shigellosis / dysentery

virulence: Shiga toxin, T3SS, enterotoxins

transmission: Fecal-oral: food/water

signs: Dysentery – bloody diarrhea

tx: Rehydration/fluids – Fluoroquinolones

morphology: Gm (–) rods, no flagella – actin “comets”

affected tissues: intestines

22
Q

Vibrio cholerae

A

disease: cholera

virulence: Cholera Toxin – electrolyte loss

transmission: Fecal-oral route through contaminated water

signs: Rice-water stool

tx: Doxycycline and fluid replacement, Vaccine

morphology: Water-dwelling gram (-) vibrio

affected tissues: intestines

23
Q

Campylobacter gastroenteritis – Campylobacter jejuni

A

disease: Most common diarrhea in US

virulence: Endotoxins, cytotoxins

transmission: Fecal-oral, particularly undercooked chicken

signs: Diarrhea, dysentery potentially

tx: Antibiotics, avoid antacids

morphology: Gm (-) helical, flagella

affected tissues: intestines

24
Q

Clostridioides difficile (C. diff)

A

disease: C. diff – pseudomembranous colitis –
antimicrobial-associated diarrhea

virulence: Toxin A and Toxin B

transmission: Endogenous flora – overgrowth triggered by antibiotic therapy

signs: Diarrhea, colitis

tx: Fecal Microbial Transplant (FMT), fluid replacement, antibiotics (if they still work)

morphology: Anaerobic gram (+) endospores

affected tissues: intestines

25
Q

Helicobacter pylori

A

disease: Stomach ulcers, associated with gastric cancer (peptic ulcers)

virulence: urease

transmission: fecal-oral

signs: Stomach pain, potentially stomach bleeding

tx: Antacids and antibiotics

morphology: Gm (-) helical, flagella

affected tissues: stomach

26
Q

Norovirus/Astrovirus/Rotavirus

A

disease: Viral gastroenteritis (“stomach flu”)

virulence: adhesions

transmission: Fecal-oral route, direct person-to-person or
contaminated food or water

signs: Mild diarrhea, usually over quickly

tx: Proper food handling, wash hands; Rotavirus – live attenuated vaccine for infants

morphology: Naked RNA (ds rota, +ss noro)

affected tissues: intestines

27
Q

Giardia lamblia

A

disease: Giardiasis (back packer’s disease)

virulence: Forms stomach acid-resistant cyst / inflames lumen of intestine

transmission: Ingesting cysts from contaminated water, fecal-oral
route

signs: Greasy diarrhea, weight loss, fatigue

tx: Metronidazoles

morphology: Protozoan – flagellate

affected tissues: intestines

28
Q

Entamoeba histolytica

A

disease: Amoebic dystentery

virulence: Forms stomach acid-resistant cyst / creates ion channels and invades intestine

transmission: ingesting cysts from contaminated water, fecal-oral route

signs: Dysentery (bloody diarrhea)

tx: Metronidazoles

morphology: Protozoan – pseudopod

affected tissues: intestines

29
Q

Hepatitis A virus

A

disease: HAV-Infectious hepatitis

virulence: Viral adhesins

transmission: Fecal-oral

signs: Jaundice

tx: vaccine

morphology: +ssRNA naked

affected tissues: liver

30
Q

Hepatitis B virus

A

disease: HBV-Serum hepatitis

virulence: same

transmission: blood

signs: same

tx: same

morphology: DNA enveloped

affected tissues: same

31
Q

Hepatitis C virus

A

disease: HCV, Non-A, Non-B chronic hepatitis

virulence: same

transmission: blood

signs: same

tx: Can be cured with nucleoside analogs

morphology: +ssRNA enveloped

affected tissues: same

32
Q

Hepatitis delta virus

A

disease: HDV – Hepatitis delta

virulence: same

transmission: blood

signs: same

tx: Hepatitis B vaccine

morphology: -ssRNA enveloped

affected tissues: same

33
Q

Hepatitis E virus

A

disease: HEV – enteric hepatitis

virulence: same

transmission: same

signs: same

tx: Supportive care, fluids

morphology: same

affected tissues: same

34
Q

osmotic diarrhea

A

you ingest a solute like Epsom salts or mannitol/sorbitol/xylitol – these solutes are not absorbed and remain in the intestinal
lumen, water follows the solutes into the lumen, waters down the stool

35
Q

secretory diarrhea

A

bacterial enterotoxins stimulates secretion of water into the lumen of the intestine causing uncontrolled water loss – diarrhea; peristalsis

36
Q

inflammatory/infectious diarrhea

A

Inflammation caused by tissue invasion or adhesion by pathogens causes fluids to leak out of the tissue; may also interfere with absorption of
nutrients or water; dysentery

microbiology (15 decks)

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