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microbiology > C-8 > Flashcards

C-8 Flashcards

1
Q

epidemiology

A

The study of the occurrence and spread of disease and how it can be prevented or limited

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2
Q

etiology

A

The cause of disease or infection

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3
Q

incidence

A

Number of new cases of a disease in a given area/population in a given period of time; tells you what the risk of acquiring the infection is

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4
Q

prevalence

A

Total number of all individuals affected by the disease in an area at a particular time
(includes both new and old cases); tells you how widespread the disease is

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5
Q

morbidity

A

Another term for disease but not deaths (can include incidence and prevalence)

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6
Q

mortality

A

death due to disease

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7
Q

endemic

A

expected disease that normally
occurs at regular intervals at stable incidence within a given population or area (i.e. flu)

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8
Q

sporadic

A

disease with only a few scattered cases within a population or area; occurs
infrequently and irregularly (i.e. rabies)

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9
Q

epidemic

A

disease that occurs at a greater
frequency than is normal/usual for an area or population. Can be endemic!

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10
Q

pandemic

A

if an epidemic occurs
simultaneously worldwide (on multiple continents) (i.e. covid)

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11
Q

reservoirs

A

Sites where pathogens are normally maintained and act as a source of infection

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12
Q

portals of entry and exit (skin, mm, placenta)

A

skin: broken skin, natural openings, hair follicles and sweat glands, insect bites or burrowing

mm: Line the GI, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive
tracts – also line the eyes, nose, and mouth; Thinner and easier to penetrate

placenta: Barrier between fetus and mother – some pathogens can cross

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13
Q

direct transmission (contact)

A

Ex. Handshake, kissing,
intercourse, placenta,
unwashed hand to own mouth

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14
Q

indirect transmission (contact)

A
  • Ex. Touching a fomite - toothbrush, drinking glass, money
  • Puncture wound
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15
Q

droplet transmission (contact)

A
  • Larger droplets from an
    aerosol less than 1 meter away
  • Ex. Droplets from sneezing
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16
Q

mechanical transmission (vector)

A

don’t act as hosts for the
pathogens they transmit – only
passively carry pathogens to new hosts on feet or other body parts (flies and cockroaches)

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17
Q

biological transmission (vector)

A

transmit pathogens and serve as hosts for the multiplication of a pathogen during its life cycle (biting - mosquitos, lice, ticks, mites, etc)

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18
Q

airborne transmission (vehicle)

A

Transmitted by the air. Farther distance than droplet transmission; finer aerosolized particles. Ex. fungal spores or measles virus

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19
Q

waterborne transmission (vehicle)

A

Many GI diseases are waterborne caused by fecal
contamination of drinking water (fecal-oral infection).
Ex. cholera

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20
Q

foodborne transmission (vehicle)

A

Similar to waterborne – Ex. produce contaminated with
fecal matter from animals; parasitic worms from undercooked meat

21
Q

bodily fluid transmission (vehicle)

A

Bodily fluid from infected individuals can also be a
source of transmission.
Ex. semen or blood

22
Q

fomite

A

inanimate object

23
Q

pathogenicity vs virulence

A

The ability to cause disease vs The degree of pathogenicity

24
Q

pathogen

A

microbes that are able to cause disease

25
Q

opportunistic pathogen

A

microbes that don’t normally cause disease unless an opportunity arises like a compromised immune system or weakened microbiome

26
Q

virulence factor

A

Characteristics of pathogenic
microbes that allow them to be pathogenic/virulent

27
Q

how a capsule affects virulence and survival in the human body

A

Prevents phagocytes from
ingesting/killing pathogenic
bacteria

28
Q

how exotoxins and endotoxins affect virulence and survival in the human body

A

Cytotoxins inhibit protein
synthesis and destroy cells
(Diptheria toxin)

Neurotoxins prevent nerve
transmission (Botox)

Enterotoxins promote fluid loss
from cells (cholera toxin)

LPS – pyrogen and can induce
inflammation and shock

29
Q

how enzymes (and other extracellular products and components like adhesions) affect virulence and survival in the human body

A

Help pathogenic bacteria
invade deeper tissues and
evade immune response

30
Q

Describe how we experimentally determine how something is a virulence factor

A

need to assess whether it is necessary and/or sufficient for a
microbe to cause disease;

necessary: make a deletion mutation in that gene and
see if the microbe is still able to cause disease

sufficient: add that protein into another microbe’s genome and see if that protein is all a microbe needs to cause disease

31
Q

infection vs disease

A

infection: A progression of contamination – where contaminating microbes have
invaded the body, overcome immune defenses, and multiplied

disease: When an infection adversely affects the body and health

32
Q

stages of infectious disease

A
  • incubation period (microbes replicating
  • prodromal period (pathogen multiplying and host feels illness)
  • period of illness (signs and symptoms most severe)
  • period of decline (signs and symptoms suppress)
  • period of convalescence (recovery)
33
Q

signs vs symptoms

A

signs: Objective manifestations of disease observed or measured by those other than the patient (outside observations)

symptoms: Subjective characteristics of a disease that are only felt by the patient

34
Q

HAI

A

hospital acquired infections (dirty beds, linen, handling patient to patient, etc)

35
Q

how HAI arise

A

exo: infection acquired form others in health care environment

endo: acquired opportunistic infection from hospitalization or chemotherapy

36
Q

prevention and control methods of HAI

A
  • Disinfect surfaces/good housekeeping
  • Handwashing
  • Bathing / hygiene
  • Proper food handling
  • Aseptic practices in surgery/procedures
  • Isolation of contagious or
    vulnerable patients
37
Q

innate (nonspecific) immune

A

first and second lines of defense

38
Q

phagocytosis

A

cell eating

39
Q

roles of eosinophils in innate immunity

A

Phagocyte/Microphage - involved in parasitic infection; Degranulate to secrete antimicrobial chemicals to
kill pathogens too big to be ingested

40
Q

roles of neutrophils in innate immunity

A

Phagocyte/Microphage - releases cytotoxic chemicals like ROS; Degranulate to produce reactive oxygen species
(ROS, trigger inflammation, produce NETs

41
Q

roles of NK cells in innate immunity

A

Degranulate and secrete toxins called perforins and granzymes onto the surfaces of virally infected cells and tumor cells marked for destruction

42
Q

inflammation (How are basophils and molecules like histamines, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes involved? What are the consequences of too much inflammation?)

A

response to tissue damage and infection; the molecules help stimulate inflammations; HIPER (heat, induration, pain, edema, and redness)

43
Q

complement (opsonization and MAC)

A

collection of serum proteins that form MAC and do opsonization; MAC= membrane attack complex that punches holes in gm- membranes; opsonization=enhances abilities of antibodies and phagocytes to clear infection

44
Q

interferons (how do they specifically interfere with viral infections)

A

signaling proteins by host cells infected by viruses to warns other cells that viruses are coming (type 1 and type 2)

45
Q

fever (purpose, pyrogens, too much fever)

A

fever increases body temp to kill or inhibit microbial growth; pyrogens trigger hypothalamus to reset the body’s thermostat to higher temps to enhance inflammation; too much fever=can damage normal, good cells (DNA damage, membrane damage, cellular damage, too much inflammation, bacteria can enter blood stream rather than just exit, losing BP)

46
Q

animal reservoirs

A

Responsible for spreading
zoonoses – diseases that spread from animals to humans

47
Q

human carries

A

People who incubate the pathogen in their bodies; some become sick and others don’t

48
Q

nonliving reservoirs

A

Inanimate things like soil, water,
food, can harbor pathogens

microbiology (15 decks)

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