C-9

Question 1

antigens

Answer 1

pieces of pathogens recognized as foreign and worthy of attack by immune system

Question 2

epitopes

Answer 2

part of the antigen that determines the immune response

Question 3

autoantigens

Answer 3

comes from self/healthy/normal cells

Question 4

exogenous antigens

Answer 4

extracellular pathogen that has to be eaten and presented by phagocytes (APCs)

Question 5

endogenous antigens

Answer 5

intracellular pathogen presented by infected cell

Question 6

B-cells

Answer 6

• mature in the bone marrow
• involved in antibody or humoral immune responses

Question 7

T-cells

Answer 7

• mature in the thymus
• involved in cellular immune response

Question 8

helper T cells

Answer 8

• help regulate B cells
• help regulate cytotoxic T cells
• secrete cytokines that regulate the immune system
• on surface

Question 9

cytotoxic T cells

Answer 9

• directly kill other cells infected with viruses or intracellular pathogens as well as cancer cells
• on cell surface

Question 10

plasma cells

Answer 10

result when B cells bind the epitope of an antigen; produce and secrete immunoglobulins against the specific antigen that activated them

Question 11

antigen presenting cell

Answer 11

• Cells that process and display exogenous antigens to T cells.
• They are the links between innate and adaptive immunity

Question 12

3 types of APCs

Answer 12

dendritic (skin and mm; phagocytes)
macrophages (phagocytes)
B cells (communicate between T cells)

Question 13

how endogenous and exogenous antigens are presented by nucleated cells and professional antigen-presenting cells

Answer 13

endogenous: presented by infected cell

exogenous: presented by phagocytes (APCs)

Question 14

identify the type of T cell the exogenous and endogenous antigens are presented to

Answer 14

endogenous: cytotoxic t cells
exogenous: helper T cells

Question 15

What is the difference between MHC class I and MHC class II receptors and which cells have
them?

Answer 15

MHC 1: nucleated cells; endogenous; cytotoxic t cells (CD8)
MHC 2: APCs; exogenous; helper T cells (CD4)

Question 16

how antibody-mediated-immunity (AMI) and cell-mediated-immunity (CMI) respond to the presence of an antigen (beginning from antigen presentation and ending with AMI or CMI)

Question 17

properties of antibodies

Question 18

how are antibodies produced

Answer 18

by B cells

Question 19

neutralization

Answer 19

toxins, viruses, or bacteria are neutralized by blocking adhesion molecules on their surfaces

Question 20

opsonization

Answer 20

help coat pathogens so phagocytes can eat them

Question 21

agglutination

Answer 21

clump pathogens tighter so they are easer to be phagocytosed
and filtered of the blood by the spleen

Question 22

ADCC

Answer 22

coats pathogens in antibodies so they can be performed by NK cells

Question 23

IgA

Answer 23

neutralization; traps pathogens in mucous

Question 24

IgG

Answer 24

complement, activation, agglutination, neutralization, ADCC

Question 25

IgE

Answer 25

activate immune cells

Question 26

IgM

Answer 26

complement, activation, agglutination, neutralization

Question 27

IgD

Answer 27

B cell receptor

Question 28

natural immunity

Answer 28

transfer of maternal antibodies; develops after exposure to antigen in environment

Question 29

artificial immunity

Answer 29

develops after administration of antigen; external administration of antibodies to fight infection

Question 30

active immunity

Answer 30

body developed antibodies itself in response to an antigen

Question 31

passive immunity

Answer 31

provided by antibodies made from another source

Question 32

attenuated immunity

Answer 32

Whole living pathogen that has been attenuated (weakened) to be avirulent in the lab

Question 33

inactivated immunity

Answer 33

Whole “killed” pathogen treated with heat, chemicals (like formaldehyde), or radiation

Question 34

toxoid immunity

Answer 34

toxins produced by pathogen are chemically inactivated

Question 35

combination immunity

Answer 35

combine multiple antigens into single vaccine

Question 36

mRNA immunity

Answer 36

mRNA encoding pathogen antigen directly injected into host

Question 37

agglutination for immunologic diagnostics

Answer 37

antibodies are used to perform blood typing

Question 38

immunoprecipitation

Answer 38

Precipitation is used to test
whether a patient’s serum
contains antibodies against a
certain pathogen – can indicate
exposure

Question 39

immunofluorescent microscopy

Answer 39

• Another way to tell if a patient has been exposed to a pathogen
• cells on slide, serum over cells, Antibodies against IgG that are labeled with a fluorescent green dye are then applied which will
  stick to the patient’s antibodies
• positive exposure is green

Question 40

ELISA

Answer 40

• test exposure to pathogens (determines antibody titers in serum)
• many samples at once
• sensitive test

Question 41

diagnostic skin tests

Answer 41

injecting small amounts of allergen into skin to see reaction

Question 42

primary immunodeficiency

Answer 42

Affect infants and young children and result from a genetic or developmental defect

Question 43

secondary immunodeficiency

Answer 43

Develop later in life as a consequence of malnutrition, severe stress, infectious disease etc.

Question 44

4 types of hypersensitivity mechanisms

Answer 44

immediate
cytotoxic
immune complex-mediated
delayed

Question 45

autoimmune disease

Answer 45

where the immune system attacks the “self”

Question 46

how are autoimmune diseases related to hypersensitivity

Answer 46

hypersensitivity is an immune response against a foreign antigen that is hyper active beyond what is normal and can result in an autoimmune disease