The Inflammatory Response Flashcards
t/f: most diseases result from an inflammatory response
true-immune system responding to injury
inflammatory response purpose
-pathologic/physiologic response to inflammatory mediators: eliminate cause of cell injury, removed damaged tissue, generate new tissue
-destroy, enzymatically digest, neutralize harmful agents (ex: foreign agents, infectious organisms)
repair process
interwoven with inflammatory response, replaces damaged tissue, fills in wounds with scar tissue
inflammatory conditions are named by…
adding the suffix -itis (appendicitis, pericarditis)
5 cardinal signs of inflammation
-reaction of vascualized tissue to injury
-rubor (redness), tumor (swelling), calor (heat), dolor (pain), functio laesa (loss of function-results from all signs)
acute inflammation has:
vascular phase, cellular phase (leukocyte margination, adhesion and transmigration), leukocyte activation and phagocytosis
vascular phase of acute inflammation
-changes in small blood vessels at the site of injury marked by tissue edema
-vasodilation causes heat and redness
-loss of protein-rich fluid (exudate) into extravascular spaces from increased vascular permeability
edema
abnormal amount of fluid in interstitial tissue
(vascular phase) increased vascular permeability causes:
-decrease in capillary osmotic pressure
-increases interstitial osmotic pressure (edema)
-produces swelling, pain, impaired function
vascular response patterns
immediate transient, immediate sustained, delayed hemodynamic
immediate transient response happens with:
minor injuries, ex: paper cut, very small wounds
immediate sustained response happens with:
more serious injuries, ex: badly skinned knee
-continues for several days, damages vessels in area
delayed hemodynamic response happens with:
an increase in capillary permeability that occurs 4-24 hours after injury
-ex: sunburn
cellular phase of acute inflammation
-movement of phagocytic blood cells (leukocytes) into injury site (leukocytosis)
-neutrophils>primary early arrival (shift to the left), bacteria/fungal infection
-eosinophils>parasitic, allergic responses
-basophils>respond later
-macrophages (monocytes)>secrete cytokines
types of leukocytes
-all granulocytes: neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
-all monocytes (largest WBC, secrete cytokines): macrophages
“shift to the left”
increase in immature neutrophil count (inflammation)
cytokines
-“chemical messengers of immune system”
-chemical growth signs (direct leukocytes)
direction of cellular response
margination, transmigration, chemotaxis
-cytokines tell leukocytes where to go
-accumulation of leukocytes
-adhesion molecules (selectins, integrins, immunoglobulin)
adhesion molecules during the cellular response (cellular phase of acute inflammation)
initiate adhesion, aggregate (cluster) inflammatory cells, move into underlying tissue
phagocytosis in cellular phase
-last stage of cellular phase
-engulfment
-intracellular killing of toxic oxygen and nitrogen products, lysozymes, proteases and defensins
inflammatory mediator classification
-those with vasoactive (dilate BV) and smooth-muscle constricting properties: histamine, arachidonic acid metabolites (prostaglandins, leukotrienes, platelet-activators)
-those with chemotactic factors (tell leukocytes where to go): cytokines, complement fragments
-plasma proteases that activate parts of the complement system, coagulation factors of clotting cascade, vasoactive peptides of kinin system
-reactive molecules/cytokines freed from leukocytes that can damage surrounding tissue/cells in the extracellular environment
plasma-derived mediators
from the liver, acute-phase proteins (fever, inflammation), complement system proteins, clotting and kinin system