Lecture 3

Question 1

What are the 3 R’s of laboratory animal ethics?

Answer 1

-Replacement
-Reduction
-Refinement

Question 2

What does Replacement mean in terms of lab animal ethics?

Answer 2

Methods which avoid or replace the use of animals where they would’ve been used.

Question 3

What does Reduction mean in terms of lab animal ethics?

Answer 3

Any strategy that will result in fewer animals being used while still holding statistical power

Question 4

What does Refinement mean in terms of lab animal ethics?

Answer 4

The modification of animal husbandry or experimental procedures to minimize pain, stress, and distress beyond normal protocols

Question 5

What happened in 1964 that sparked public outcry on the welfare of production animals?

Answer 5

Animal Machines was published by Ruth Harrison, which described the bad living conditions of farm animals

Question 6

What was formed in response to the public reaction of Animal Machines?

Answer 6

The Brambell Committee

Question 7

What did the Brambell Committee do to advance animal welfare?

Answer 7

Published the Brambell Report, which outlined the basic ethical and biological principles for animal husbandry

Question 8

What did William Thorpe (an ethologist) propose?

Answer 8

That animals have biological needs that must be met and understood to provide proper animal care

Question 9

What were the 5 freedoms of Brambell?

Answer 9

-Turn around
- Stand up
- Lie down
- Stretch their limbs
- Groom themselves

Question 10

What was an important feature of welfare mentioned in the Brambell Committee?

Answer 10

That the feelings of animals based on scientific evidence must be taken into account

Question 11

What were the 5 freedoms of Brambell updated to by the Farm Animal Welfare Council?

Answer 11

-Freedom from hunger/thirst
-Freedom from discomfort
-Freedom from pain, injury, and disease
-Freedom to express normal behaviour
-Freedom from fear and distress

Question 12

Why are the 5 freedoms by the FAWC not really used anymore?

Answer 12

Because if an animal does not experience something physiological like hunger or thirst, there is no motivation to seek food or water

Question 13

Which model is used primarily now for animal welfare in terms of needs?

Answer 13

The 5 Domains Model

Question 14

What are the 5 domains of the 5 Domains Model?

Answer 14

1. Nutrition
2. Environment
3. Health
4. Behaviour
5. Mental states

Question 15

What qualities might be associated with the nutrition domain?

Answer 15

Water access, food access, malnutrition

Question 16

What qualities might be associated with the environment domain?

Answer 16

Heat, cold, mud, dust, handling techniques, lack of space

Question 17

What qualities might be associated with the health domain?

Answer 17

Diseases, injuries, functional limitations

Question 18

What qualities might be associated with the behaviour domain?

Answer 18

Behavioural restrictions (not able to perform certain behaviours), interaction restrictions (no socialization)

Question 19

What qualities might be associated with the mental state domain?

Answer 19

The subjective experience an animal has in a situation

Question 20

When were animals recognized as sentient beings with the ability to experience feelings?

Answer 20

1997 in the Treaty of Amsterdam

Question 21

What did FAWC propose in 2009 was needed for a high level of welfare?

Answer 21

To provide animals with the absence of negative experiences and the opportunity to have positive experiences

Question 22

What is the difference between animal welfare and animal rights?

Answer 22

Animal welfare is rooted in science and is objective based on research. Animal rights is subjective and based on philosophical principles

Question 23

What is the primary definition of animal welfare given by the World Organization for Animal Health?

Answer 23

How an animal is coping with the conditions in which it lives, measurable by objective data. Refers to the state of the animal

Question 24

Why is animal welfare so important?

Answer 24

It is related to sustainability and food security where demand and population are increasing. Also involved in food safety, control of zoonoses and antimicrobial resistance

Question 25

Why is behaviour such an important part of animal welfare?

Answer 25

Behaviour of animals impacts quality of human-animal interactions, which can lead to increased stress and subsequent disease transmission (immune system suppression)

Question 26

What are the 3 classic pillars of sustainability, and what is a potential 4th pillar?

Answer 26

1. Social
2. Environmental
3. Economic
4. Animal welfare