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Welfare > Lecture 6 > Flashcards

Lecture 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Name the three applications for animal welfare

A

codes for good handling practice, monitoring systems, criteria evaluation

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2
Q

describe codes for good handling practices

A

usually defined by public agencies or by professional associations working with animals

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3
Q

importance of monitoring systems

A

to ensure that animals are treated according to welfare and ethics regulations

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4
Q

how is animal welfare applied to criteria evaluation

A
  1. clinical records (diseases, methods of clinical diagnosis)
  2. physiological parameter records (hormone, heart and resp rates)
  3. behavioural records
  4. production systems (facilities, equipment, interactions with humans)
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5
Q

describe some ways negative nutrition can effect affective states

A

negative nutrition: food or water restriction, poor nutrition or quality, malnutrition
negative affects: thirst, water intoxication, hunger, weakness of starvation, eating related boredom, weakness of starvation, Gi pain, bloated or overfull

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6
Q

describe some ways positive nutrition can effect affective states

A

nutritional opportunities: drinking correct quantities of water, eating enough food, balanced diet, variety of foods and correct quantities of food
Positive affects: quenching, pleasures of drinking, postprandial satiety, pleasure of taste, pleasure of food textures, comfort of satiety, GI comfort

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7
Q

Describe some examples of unavoidable physical conditions and their affects

A

Unavoidable physical conditions: close confinement, thermal extremes, unsuitable substrate, aversive odors, unpredictable events, physical limits on rest and sleep

Negative affects - forms of discomfort: stiffness, muscle tension, skin irritation, malaise from unnatural constancy, anxiety, fear, hypervigilence, exhaustion, etc..

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8
Q

Describe some examples of enhanced physical conditions and their affects

A

Enhanced physical conditions: space for spontaneous locomotion, suitable substrate, well drained ground, shelter and shade, noise control, within day environmental variability maintained, established routines, etc…
positive affects - forms of comfort: physical comfort, resp. comfort, olfactory comfort, thermal, auditory and visual comfort, congenial variety and predictability, relaxation- based ease and calmness, well rested

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9
Q

Describe some examples of negative health conditions and their associated effects

A

negative health conditions - presence of: injury, disease, functional impairment (limb amputation, genetic, GI kindey, gut, neural problems), obesity or leanness, poisons, poor physical fitness - muscle deconditioning

Negative affects - pain, breathlessness, debility, weakness, sickness, malaise, nausea, dizziness, metabolic and pathophysiological sequelae, affects due to mode of action from poisons physical weakness and exhaustion

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10
Q

Describe some examples of positive health conditions and their associated effects

A

minimal or no: injury, disease, functional impairment, extreme body condition scores. poisoning, poor fitness

positive affects: comfort of good health and functional capacity, vitality of fitness and pleasurability of vigorous exercise

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11
Q

Describe some examples of negative behavioural interactions with the environment and their associated affects

A

exercise of agency is impeded: invariant, barren, confined, inescapable sensory impositions, foraging drive impeded, environment, activity constrained

negative affects: boredom, helplessness, depression, withdrawal, startled by unexpected events, neophobia, hyper vigilance, anger, frustration, negative cognitive bias

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12
Q

Describe some examples of positive `behavioural interactions with the environment and their associated affects

A

exercise of agency is promoted: varied, novel environment, congenial sensory inputs, available engaging choices, free movement, exploration and foraging

Positive affects: interested, pleasantly occupied, likes, novelty, post inhibitory rebound, calm, in control, engaged by activity, energized, focused

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13
Q

Describe some examples of negative behavioural interactions with other animals and their associated affects

A

exercise of agency is impeded: animal-animal interactive activity constrained, significant threats, or limits of threat avoidance, escape or defensive activity, limitations on rest or sleep

Negative affects: loneliness, depression, thwarted desire to play or thwarted hunting drive, anger, anxiety, exhaustion etc..

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14
Q

Describe some examples of positive behavioural interactions with other animals and their associated affects

A

exercise of agency is prompted: bonding/reaffirming bonds, rearing young, playing, sexual activity, absence of threats, can use refuges and retreat, sleep/ rest is sufficient

positive affects: affectionate sociability, maternal and group rewards, excitation/ playfulness, alert engagement, highly stimulated, secure, protected, confident, energizes, refreshed, post-inhibitory rebound

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15
Q

Describe some examples of negative behavioural interactions with humans and their associated affects

A

negative human attributes and behavior:
- attitude: uncertain, fearful, indifferent, insensitive, impatient, oppressive,
- voice: hesitant, angry, loud
handling: erratic, rough, punishment focused

animal behaviours: long flight distance, hyper vigilance, hyper reactive, escape avoidance, freezing, cowering, appeasing, withdrawn, non-compliant

affects: anxiety, fear, panic, confusion, helplessness, pain from injuries, negative cognitive bias

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16
Q

Describe some examples of positive behavioural interactions with humans and their associated affects

A

Positive human attributes and behavior:
attitude: confident, caring, sensitive, patient, kind, empathetic
voice - clear, calm, encouraging, pleasantly rhythmic
aptitude: experience, skilled, trained
handling: gentle, firm, temperate, reward focused, mimics allogrooming by conspecifics

Animal behaviors: short flight distacne, calm alertness, at ease with contact

affects: calm, confident, at ease, feels in control, enjoys variety

17
Q

what are two sources of info used for measuring animal welfare

A

resource based measures, animal based measures

18
Q

food availability , food quality and quantity, feeder and drinker size and cleanliness are all _____ based measures

A

Resource based measures

19
Q

access to outdoor, shade availability, stall size, ventilation, humidity and temperature, and animal density are all what kind of measure

A

resource based measure

20
Q

rest area availability and hygiene, stall floor, bedding material and moisture are all…

A

resource based measures

21
Q

management: rough handling, electric shock use, castration, disbudding/dehorning, tail docking, mortality and morbidity are all _____ measures

A

resource based measures
Note: all these indicators are related to environment

22
Q

name the 4 broad categories of animal based measures

A

behavioural, physiological, health, performance

23
Q

describe some behavioural indicators of welfare shown through normal/ abnormal behaviours

A

normal or abnormal behaviours that are.. stereotypies, environment directed, self directed (auto mutilation), addressed to another animal

24
Q

describe some behavioural indicators of welfare shown through human animal interactions

A

flight distance, voluntary approach test, milking reactivity, composite reactivity score, flight speed (FS)

25
Q

describe some physiological animal-based measures of welfare

A

heart rate, HPA axis activity, glucocorticoid levels (blood, saliva, feces, urine), adrenal volume, acute phase proteins - haptoglobulin, C-reactive protein (disease response), body temperature, skin temperature, blood lactate levels (physical effort), oxytocin concentrations, immunosupression (lymphopenia/eosinopenia/neutrophilia)

26
Q

Describe some clinical indicators/ health based measures of welfare (animal-based measures)

A

Clinical signs of diseases (diarrhea, nasal, vulvar, and ocular discharge, coughing), integument alterations (hairless patches and lesions/swellings), dehydration, endo and ectoparasites, body condition score, cleanliness of animal

27
Q

describe some performance/ productivity animal based measures of welfare

A

milk production, weight gain, sport performance, reproduction

28
Q

name the 8 steps in assessing animal welfare

A
  1. asking the question: what should be evaluated?
  2. what is important for the animal
  3. methods: what to measure?
  4. data collection
  5. data analysis and interpretation of results
  6. balance of welfare conditions
  7. defining welfare status
  8. decisions about the meaning of the result
29
Q

what is included in step 1 of assessing welfare (asking the question: what should be evaluated)

A
  • origin of the question: public concern, legislative need, scientific curiosity
  • define the objective
  • formulate the hypothesis
  • preparing the question for analysis and whether it will be an observational study or experimental study
30
Q

what is included in step 2 of assessing welfare (what is important for the animal)

A

knowledge of animal biology, relevant info to define welfare of individual of that species

31
Q

what is included in step 3. methods: what to measure

A

need to define…
which indicator: ex. behavioural, physiological, health, performance, environmental

how to evaluate: ex. period of observation, quantity of animals, using tools?

When to evaluate: ex. during specific handling, feeding time, one or more visits?

who will do the evaluations: must have trained people performing

32
Q

describe step 4 of assessing welfare

A
  1. data collection

conduct experiment: make observations, lab tests, clinical exams, evaluate facilities

NoteL be careful that data collection does not affect animals welfare/ change its behaviour or physiology

33
Q

describe the actions involved in step 5 of assessing welfare

A
  1. data analysis and interpretation of results

..easy when there is good association between results and hypotheses,
- quantitative data of physiological parameters do not always provide us with good indication of subjective animal states

Note: different types of evidence may not lead to a unanimous answer

34
Q

describe step 6 of assessing welfare

A
  1. balance of welfare conditions

results are analyzed, considering positive and negative experiences

  • positives and negatives are balanced to see what the resultant may be
35
Q

describe step 7 of assessing welfare conditions

A
  1. defining animal welfare status
    - establish a minimum acceptable standard for each vector (variable
    - combine all variables on a common scale applicable in practice
    - compare the relative importance of each variable to reach a welfare balance of an animal

Note: necessary to include a certain degree of judgement

36
Q

describe step 8 of assessing welfare conditions

A
  1. decisions about the meaning of the result: practice

by objectively defining the state of the animal, how good or poor its welfare is

Welfare (16 decks)

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