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Welfare > Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Lecture 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Sick animals often have difficulty facing their environment. When an animal can’t cope with their environment, their welfare

A

Decreases

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2
Q

What is normally the first indicator of disease?

A

Altered behaviour

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3
Q

practicing veterinarians rely heavily on ______ ________ in diagnosis of illness

A

Behavioural observations

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4
Q

It is common for animal illness to be first manifested _______

A

Behaviourally - examples: loss of appetite, altered activity, diminished body care or lack of responsiveness

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5
Q

do prey species show behavioural indicators of illness?

A

They try not to

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6
Q

Hypocalcemia or milk fever in cows - what are behavioural indicators?

A

Lateral / stern al decubitus (lays in a certain position)
- can’t/won’t get up

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7
Q

Is lameness in dairy cows a behavioural indicator?

A

Yes! Indicates a problem somewhere in the feet/legs

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8
Q

The most basic way to assess whether an animal is well is to observe if?

A

Its behaviour is within what is expected for the species (displaying normal behaviour).

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9
Q

The degree of animal welfare is ______ when animals may show natural/normal behaviour

A

high

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10
Q

Successful coping with the environment includes not only physiological health, but also

A

The animal’s ability to perform normal behaviour according to its motivational needs

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11
Q

The frequency with which an animal performs natural behaviours for its species can also be used as a

A

Welfare indicator

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12
Q

Studies comparing the behaviour of farm animals kept on a farm with animals kept in semi-natural enclosures found that normal behaviours differ in

A

Frequency and duration

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13
Q

Examples of normal behaviour

A

Eating behaviour
Resting
Idleness
Activity
Behaviour related to thermal comfort
Social behaviour

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14
Q

Confided animals are offered concentrate diets, resulting in an important decrease in time required to feed, increasing idle. Is this a natural behaviour?

A

Yes

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15
Q

Opportunity to express the behavioural repertoire of the species depends on

A

The facility

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15
Q

Behaviour related to thermal comfort - examples?

A

Panting, searching for shade, choices of places to rest

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16
Q

Opportunity to express the behavioural repertoire of the species can be evaluated by

A

access to external area (number of days/hours)

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17
Q

Examples of natural behaviours performed by chickens

A
  • nesting
  • foraging
    -ground scratching
  • perching
  • dust bathing
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18
Q

Under natural conditions, pigs dedicate how much time to rooting?

A

Up to 50%

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19
Q

What are agonistic behaviours?

A

Involves all forms of behaviour associated with conflict with another animal

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20
Q

Examples of agonistic behaviour

A

Fights, threats, displacements
Usually over access to resources, hierarchy, reproduction

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21
Q

What are affiliate behaviours

A

Indicate bonds between animals

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22
Q

examples of affiliate behaviours

A

Physical proximity, allogrooming, etc

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23
Q

Leg shapes of cows when performing agonistic vs affiliative behaviour

A

Agonistic - V
Affiliative - straight legs

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24
Q

What is allogrooming

A

The cleaning of the body surface by licking, nibbling, picking, scratching, rubbing, directed at another animal

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25
Q

Is play behaviour a social behaviour

A

Yes

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26
Q

Play behaviour is an important stage of

A

Learning & has adaptive value

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27
Q

What does play behaviour indicate

A

Positive welfare

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28
Q

Alterations in behaviour observed in housing systems lacking specific stimuli to elicit normal behaviour are often related to

A

Motivational problems, and hence relevant to animal welfare

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29
Q

can we give good welfare to animals?

A

NO! But we can provide them with conditions that are good

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30
Q

What are abnormal behaviours

A

Behaviour that differs in pattern, frequency, or context from that which is shown by most members of a species

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31
Q

What are stereotypies

A

Repeated, relatively invariant sequence of movements that has no obvious purpose

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32
Q

In what situations are stereotypies shown

A

When the individual lacks control over its environment

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33
Q

Do stereotypies have large individual variation

A

Yes

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34
Q

Stereotypies involve neurochemical changes in the brain - What are they

A

Dopamine, endorphins, and their receptors

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35
Q

Do stereotypies alleviate the effects of adverse conditions?

A

No clear answer

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36
Q

Stereotypies indicate

A

Poor welfare

37
Q

What is pacing / route tracing

A

A stereotypy that involves the animal following a path and returns to its point or origin, and often repeated with minor modifications

38
Q

Is tail chasing a stereotypy

A

Yes - most likely to occur when a dog is exited & frustrated & usually stops when the frustrating behaviour is resolved

39
Q

What is weaving

A

A stereotypy in horses that involves swinging the head and neck and anterior parts of the body from side to side, so weight rests alternatively on each forelimb

40
Q

whats a likely cause for weaving stereotypy

A

Lack of variety in the environment - happens most often to horses that have been stabled for long periods in idleness

41
Q

What is head shaking

A

A stereotypy where the head is moved vertically, laterally, or with a rotary motion of the neck

42
Q

what is wind sucking

A

A stereotypy where air is sucked by itself or combined with head nodding or crib biting - usually in horses

43
Q

Horses are more likely to show wind sucking behaviours if

A

Those stalled nearby do so, and experience shows that foals may acquire the habit from their mothers

44
Q

What is sham chewing

A

A stereotypy where jaw movements like when chewing food are performed when animal has no food in mouth

45
Q

Sham chewing is often seen in

A

Sows kept in stalls

46
Q

What is tongue rolling

A

A stereotypy that happens when the tongue is extruded from the mouth and moved by curling and uncurling outside or inside mouth with no solid material present

47
Q

Tongue rolling includes components of the movements involved in

A

prehension of forage plants during grazing

48
Q

tongue rolling often happens in cows kept in

A

Intensive conditions / no way to graze

49
Q

What is licking (abnormal behaviour)

A

A stereotypy where the tongue is applied repeatedly to an area of the animal’s own body or to an object in the surroundings, with same patten of movement. Becomes abnormal behaviour when performed with high frequency

50
Q

what is bar biting

A

A stereotypy in which an animal opens and closes its mouth around a bar, tether, or stall door, engaging the tongue and teeth with the surface and performing chewing movements

51
Q

What is drinker pressing

A

A stereotypy where the animal presses an automatic drinker repeatedly without ingesting water

52
Q

drinker pressing shown by

A

Sows kept in stalls and provided with a nipple drinker

53
Q

Why do sows perform drinker pressing

A

Drinker is one of most interesting items in the animal’s surroundings

54
Q

Abnormal behaviours in domestic animals

A

Domestic animals show some behaviour that is, for the most part, normal in pattern but is abnormal in respect of the object to which its directed or the extent to which it occurs

55
Q

Is self mutilation an abnormal behaviour

A

Yes! Can be done to areas with local injury or not

56
Q

self mutilation happens when animal

A

Has lack of stimuli, lack of control of environment, or lack of social contact

57
Q

Environmental abnormal behaviours can involve

A

Sucking, nibbling, chewing, or eating environmental objects

58
Q

coprophagia is normal / abnormal when

A

Normal - rabbits and common in foals, but abnormal in adult horses

59
Q

Abnormal behaviours can be addressed to another animal - animals treat

A

Other animals, or parts of their anatomy as if they were objects to be investigated. Eg intersucking

60
Q

What kind of behaviour is feather/body pecking

A

Abnormal behaviour

61
Q

What is feather pecking/body pecking?

A

When hens crowded together on wire floors have few objects to peck at so they peck at other animals - their head, back, tail, ventral region, or cloaca

62
Q

when does body pecking/ cannibalism arise in hens

A

When wounds arise on other hens

63
Q

How did humans deal with feather pecking

A

Clip beaks - treating symptom, not cause

64
Q

what is tail biting

A

An abnormal behaviour in which a pig takes the tail of another tail in its mouth and chews it lightly

65
Q

Once tail biting starts, what happens

A

Tail biting attention gets more severe, with resultant wounds on the tail. The wound encourages more active tail biting and other pigs in the group begin to chew on the tail

66
Q

Chronic / acute risk factor effects for tail biting

A

Keeping chronic risk factors for stress low makes animals more able to deal with acute stressors, and help prevent tail biting

67
Q

what is intersucking

A

Calves separated from their dams suck and lick other calves

68
Q

Where does intersucking occur

A

Commonly on navel, prepuce, scrotum, udder, and ears of other animals

69
Q

Intersucking is more common in calves fed from _______ than ______

A

More common in calves fed from buckets than those fed from mother or artificial teat

70
Q

What is neonatal rejection

A

failure of function - Active desertion or persistence of aggressive reactions by mother towards the newborn

71
Q

what is maternal failure

A

Failed of function - Failure to supply maternal attention to newborn
Delay or a failure to groom (clean) it immediately following its birth

72
Q

What is stealing of young

A

A failure of function - prepatruient ewes/cows often sniff, approach, or stay close to newborn and can lead to problems if mother of approached calf does not retain close contact with it because of weakness, maternal failure, or social subordination

73
Q

How to prevent stealing of young

A

Giving enough space for dams to present their normal behaviour of separating from the group before calving

74
Q

What is killing of young or maternal cannibalism

A

Failure of function - the most dramatic form of maternal cannibalism involves the biting, killing, and eating of newborn
Associated with Hyperexcitability

75
Q

existing contact between humans and animals is

A

Visual, olfactory, additive, and tactile

76
Q

Nature of interacting with humans for animals can be

A

Positive, negative, or neutral

77
Q

Is it possible to infer the nature of previous experiences of animals through evaluation of general reactivity to handling?

A

Yes

78
Q

Flight distance

A

The distance within which a person can approach an animal before it moves away (determined by an the animal’s flight zone)

79
Q

voluntary approach test is

A

The distance within which an animal approaches a human in a determined time period

80
Q

Composite reactivity score

A

How reactive the animal is to handling

81
Q

flight speed

A

The speed at which each animal exist the chute
Animals that leave faster are considered more reactive

82
Q

Preference tests

A

Any investigation of animals in a varied environment offers the opportunity of finding out what animals choose to do

83
Q

example of preference tests

A

Hens pick what floor they like best

84
Q

preference test require

A

Prior learning

85
Q

preference test limitation

A

What animals pick is not always best for their long term health or welfare

86
Q

Operant test

A

Behavioural indicator that indicates how much the animal is “willing to pay” for a resource
- compare the importance of different resources

87
Q

Judgement bias tasks provide

A

A cognitive measure of optimism and pessimism

88
Q

How does a judgement bias task work

A

-Animal first has to learn to discriminate between a stimulus that predicts a positive consequence and one that predicts a negative consequence
-Once animal has mastered this, one ambiguous stimulus is introduced

89
Q

After disbudding, calves are more likely to judge an ambiguous stimulus as

A

Negative - pessimistic bias indicates that post operative pain following hot iron disbudding results in a negative change in emotional state

90
Q
A

Welfare (16 decks)

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