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Welfare > Lecture 7 > Flashcards

Lecture 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the next step you’d take after coming up with a question and preliminary observations (pilot)?

A

A hypotheses and predictions

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2
Q

What would you do after developing a hypotheses and predictions?

A

Choose variables and catergories

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3
Q

What does the main question do?

A

Formulates a problem that you want to investigate

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4
Q

What are sampling rules (who to observe)?

A

-Ad libitum
-Focal
-Scan
-Behaviour sampling

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5
Q

What are recording rules (when to observe)?

A

-Continuous recording
-Instantaneous sampling

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6
Q

What kind of question would you want to avoid and what kind would you aim for?

A

You would want to avoid a broad question (ex. what does this animal do?). You’d want one based on existing knowledge and theory (ex. Do big males acquire more mates than small males?)

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7
Q

What can influence the question you choose?

A

-Previous knowledge
-Interests and observations made in the course of other research
-Priorities of the group in which you work

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8
Q

What can you use to make observations?

A

-Sensorial resources (audition, smell, vision)
-Equipment

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9
Q

What are direct observations?

A

When an observation is made the moment the behaviour happens

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10
Q

What are two ways direct observations can be made?

A

-Invasive
-Non-invasive

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11
Q

What is the problem with invasive observations?

A

The animal perceives the observer, which can change the behavioural expression of the animal

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12
Q

What are two ways invasive observations can be reduced?

A

-Habituation
-Camouflage

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13
Q

How can non-invasive DIRECT observations be carried out?

A

Equipment (cameras, microphones, GPS, radio telemetry, sensors)

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14
Q

How can non-invasive INDIRECT observations be carried out?

A

Consequences of the behaviour (footprints, tracks, feces, nests, etc)

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15
Q

What is the benefit of non-invasive observations?

A

Does not change the behavioural expression of the animal

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16
Q

What is the purpose of preliminary observations?

A

To understand and describe both the subjects and the behaviour you intend to measure

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17
Q

Why are preliminary observations important?

A

-Provides raw material for formulating questions and hypothesis
-Choosing right methods of measurement/recording
-Habituation of the animals to the observer
-Training the observer

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the hypothesis?

A

To find the best explanation(s) for the question

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19
Q

The more _________ the predictions are, the ______ it usually is to distinguish empirically between competing hypotheses.

A

Specific; easier

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20
Q

What is the purpose of an objective?

A

Expresses the intention or an aspiration of the study; what you hope to achieve at the end of the study

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21
Q

When describing behaviour, what is the structure?

A

the appearance, physical form or temporal patterning of the behaviour

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22
Q

When describing behaviour, what are the consequences?

A

The effects of the subject’s behaviour on the environment, other individuals, or itself

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23
Q

What is spatial relation?

A

The subject’s position or orientation relative to something or someone (another animal, human, etc)

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24
Q

What kind of categories would you want to choose?

A

-Enough categories to describe the behaviour in detail
-Ones that summarize as much relevant info as possible about the behaviour
-Independent categories of one another

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25
Q

What is an ethogram?

A

Descriptions of the main types of behaviour pattern that typify the species

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26
Q

What is a flaw with an ethogram?

A

Not all members of a species behave in the same “species-typical” way

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27
Q

Your categories should be C_______, C_________, and U___________

A

Clear, comprehensive, unambiguous

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28
Q

When are operational definitions commonly used?

A

When measuring the consequences of a behaviour

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29
Q

What should ostensive definitions be?

A

Sufficiently precise and detailed to enable another observer to record the same things in the same way

30
Q

Why is it important to have precise categories at the beginning of the study?

A

To prevent definitions and criteria from “drifting” during the course of the study

31
Q

What is a state?

A

Behaviour patterns of relatively long duration

32
Q

What are events?

A

Behaviour patterns of relatively short duration which can be approximated as points in time

33
Q

What is the salient feature of events?

A

Frequency of occurance

34
Q

What is the salient feature of states?

A

Duration

35
Q

What is localization?

A

Where the animal is

36
Q

What is posture?

A

Whether animal is standing, lying down, sitting, etc

37
Q

What is measuring?

A

Assigning description to behaviour according to specified rules

38
Q

What are some ways behaviour can be measured?

A

-Nominal (or categorical) scale
-Ordinal (or ranking) scale
-Interval scale
-Ratio scale

39
Q

What are some common variables?

A

-Frequency
-Duration
-Latency
-Intensity
-Velocity

40
Q

Why would you want to use an interval scale?

A

So the difference between two scores can be quantified

41
Q

Ordinal (ranking) scale

A

Observations that can be arranged along a scale according to some common property

42
Q

Ratio scale

A

a quantitative scale where there is a true zero and equal intervals between neighbouring points

43
Q

What variables would you use a ratio scale to measure?

A

Frequencies, durations, and latencies

44
Q

What is frequency?

A

The number of occurences of the behaviour pattern per unit time

45
Q

What is duration?

A

The length of time for which a single occurrence of the behaviour pattern lasts

46
Q

What is latency?

A

The time from some specified event to the onset of the first occurrence of the behaviour

47
Q

How is intensity measured?

A

Arbitrary parameters since it does not have a universal definition

48
Q

What do sampling rules do?

A

-Defines the subject of the study
-Can focus on individual or groups

49
Q

What is Ad libitum sampling?

A

Observer notes whatever is visible and seems relevant at the time

50
Q

When is ad libitum usually used?

A

Used during preliminary observations

51
Q

What is focal sampling?

A

Observing one individual (or one group) for a specified amount of time and recording all instances of its behaviour

52
Q

Why can focal sampling be difficult under field conditions?

A

The focal individual may leave the area and disappear completely. Animals must be identified for this method

53
Q

What is scan sampling?

A

A whole group of subjects is scanned at regular intervals and the behaviour of everyone at that instant is recorded

54
Q

What is a disadvantage to scan sampling?

A

Restricts the observer to recording only one or a few simple categories of behaviour

55
Q

What is an advantage of scan sampling?

A

Animals do not need to be identified, just need to know how many animals are exhibiting the behaviour

56
Q

What is behaviour sampling?

A

Watching the whole group and recording each occurrence of a particular type or behaviour

57
Q

What type of behaviour would you want to use behaviour sampling for?

A

A rare but significant behaviour

58
Q

Which rule must be used for behaviour sampling?

A

Continuous recording rule

59
Q

Which rule must be used for scan sampling?

A

Instantaneous

60
Q

Which rule must be used for ad libitum sampling?

A

Continuous

61
Q

What is continuous recording rule?

A

Each occurrence of the behaviour pattern is recorded
-Can be labour/time intensive
-Exact and faithful representation of behaviour

62
Q

What is interval of time recording?

A

-Periodically sampling the behaviour
-Division of an observation session into short units of time for time sampling

63
Q

What is the sample point in interval of time recording?

A

The end of each sample

64
Q

What can interval of time be divided into?

A

-Instantaneous sampling
-One-zero sampling

65
Q

What is instantaneous recording?

A

On each sample point, a record is made of whether or not a given behaviour pattern is occurring

66
Q

What is one-zero recording?

A

On each sample point, you record whether or not the behaviour pattern has occurred during the PREVIOUS sample interval

67
Q

What is the disadvantage of time sampling?

A

Doesn’t give accurate estimates of frequency or duration, unless the sample interval is short relative to the average duration of the behaviour pattern

68
Q

What should the studies methods be?

A

-Feasible (can be done)
-Reliable (can be replicated and consistent)
-Valid

69
Q

What is inter-observer reliability?

A

That all observers agree on the method and types of observations so that measurements are consistent

70
Q

What is intra-observer reliability?

A

indicates how stable are responses obtained from the same respondent at different time points.

Welfare (16 decks)

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