14 Human Communication

Question 0

Aphasia

Answer 0

Difficulty in producing or comprehend speech not produced by deafness or simple motor deficit; caused by brain damage.

Question 1

Cerebrovascular accident

Answer 1

Stroke; brain damage caused by occlusion or rupture of a blood vessel in the brain.

Question 2

Broca’s aphasia

Answer 2

Form of aphagia characterized by agrammatism; anomia, and extreme difficulty in speech articulation.

Question 3

Function word

Answer 3

Preposition, article, or other word that conveys little of the meaning of the sentence but is important in specifying its grammatical structure.

Question 4

Content word

Answer 4

Noun, verb, adjective, or add verb that conveys meaning.

Question 5

Broca’s area

Answer 5

Region of frontal cortex, located just rostral to the base of the left primary motor cortex, that is necessary for normal speech production.

Question 6

Agrammatism

Answer 6

One of that usual symptoms of Broca’s aphasia; a difficulty in comprehending or properly employing grammatical devices, such as a verb endings and word order.

Question 7

Anomia

Answer 7

Difficulty in finding (remembering) the appropriate word to describe an object, action, or attribute; one of the symptoms of aphasia.

Question 8

Apraxia of speech

Answer 8

Impairment in the ability to program movements of the tongue, lips, and throat required to produce the proper sequence of speech sounds.

Question 9

Wernicke’s area

Answer 9

Region of auditory association cortex on the left temporal lobe of humans, which is important in the comprehension of words and the production of meaningful speech.

Question 10

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 10

Form of aphasia characterized by poor speech comprehension and fluent but meaningless speech.

Question 11

Pure word deafness

Answer 11

The ability to hear, to speak, and (usually) to read and write without being able to comprehend the meaning of speech; caused by damage to Wernicke’s area or disruption of auditory input to this region.

Question 12

Transcortical sensory aphasia

Answer 12

Speech disorder in which a person has difficulty comprehending speech and producing meaningful spontaneous speech but can repeat speech; caused by damage to the region of the brain posterior to Wernicke’s area.

Question 13

Arcuate fasciculus

Answer 13

Bundle of axons that connects Wernicke’s area with Broca’s area; damage causes conduction aphasia.

Question 14

Conduction aphasia

Answer 14

Aphasia characterized by inability to repeat words that are heard but the ability to speak normally and comprehend the speech of others.

Question 15

Circumlocution

Answer 15

Strategy by which people with anomia find alternative ways to say something when they are unable to think of the most appropriate word.

Question 16

Prosody

Answer 16

Use of changes in intonation and emphasis to convey meaning in speech besides that specified by the particular word; an important means of communication of emotion.

Question 17

Pure alexia

Answer 17

Loss of the ability to read without the loss of the ability to write; produced by brain damage.

Question 18

Whole-word reading

Answer 18

Reading by recognizing the word as a whole; sight reading.

Question 19

Phonetic reading

Answer 19

Reading by decoding the phonetic significance of letter strings; sound reading.

Question 20

Surface dyslexia

Answer 20

Reading disorder in which a person can read words phonetically but has difficulty reading irregularly spelled words by the whole-word method.

Question 21

Phonological dyslexia

Answer 21

Reading disorder in which a person can read familiar words but has difficulty reading unfamiliar words or pronounceable nonwords.

Question 22

Visual word-form area (VWFA)

Answer 22

Region of the fusiform gyrus on the base of the temporal lobe that plays a critical role in whole-word recognition.

Question 23

Direct dyslexia

Answer 23

Language disorder caused by brain damage in which the person can read words aloud without understanding.

Question 24

Developmental dyslexia

Answer 24

Reading difficulty in a person of normal intelligence and perceptual ability; a genetic origin or cause by prenatal or perinatal factors.

Question 25

Phonological dysgraphia

Answer 25

Writing disorder in which the person cannot sound out words and write them phonetically.

Question 26

Orthographic dysgraphia

Answer 26

Writing disorder in which the person can spell regularly spelled words but not irregularly spelled ones.