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Physiology Of Behavior > 4 Psychopharmacology > Flashcards

4 Psychopharmacology Flashcards

0
Q

Drug effect

A

The changes a drug produces in an animal’s physiological processes and behavior.

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1
Q

Psychopharmacology

A

The study of the effects of drugs on the nervous system and on behavior.

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2
Q

Site of action

A

The locations that which molecules of drugs interact with molecules located on or in cells of the body, thus affecting some biochemical processes of the cells.

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3
Q

Pharmacokinetics

A

The process by which drugs are absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.

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4
Q

Intravenous (IV) injection

A

Injection of a substance indirectly into a vein.

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5
Q

Intraperitoneal (IP) injection

A

Injection of a substance into the peritoneal cavity – the space that surrounds the stomach, intestines, liver, and other abdominal organs.

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6
Q

Intramuscular (IM) injection

A

Injection of a substance into a muscle.

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7
Q

Subcutaneous (SC) injection

A

Injection of a substance into the space beneath the skin.

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8
Q

Oral administration

A

Administration of a substance into the mouth so that it is swallowed.

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9
Q

Sublingual administration

A

Administration of the substance by placing it beneath the tongue.

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10
Q

Intrarectal administration

A

Administration of a substance into direct them.

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11
Q

Inhalation

A

Administration of the vaporous substance into the lungs.

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12
Q

Topical administration

A

Administration of a substance directly onto the skin or mucous membranes.

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13
Q

Intracerebral administration

A

Administration of a substance directly into the brain.

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14
Q

Intracerebralventricular (ICV) administration

A

Administration of a substance into one of the cerebral ventricles.

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15
Q

Dose-response curve

A

A graph of the magnitude of an effect of a drug as a function of the amount of drugs administered.

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16
Q

Therapeutic index

A

The ratio between the dose that produces the desired effect and 50% of the animals and the dose that produces toxic effects and 50% of the animals.

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17
Q

Affinity

A

The readiness with which two molecules joined together.

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18
Q

Tolerance

A

A decrease in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly.

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19
Q

Sensitization

A

An increase in the effectiveness of a drug that is administered repeatedly.

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20
Q

Withdrawal symptom

A

The appearance of symptoms opposite to those produced by a drunk when a drug is administered repeatedly and then suddenly no longer taken.

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21
Q

Placebo

A

And inner substance that is given to an organism in lieu of a physiologically active drug; use experimentally to control for the effects of near administration of a drug.

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22
Q

Antagonist

A

A drug that opposes or inhibits the effects of a particular new transmitter on the postsynaptic cell.

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23
Q

Agonist

A

Of drugs that facilitates the effects of a particular neurotransmitter on the postsynaptic cell.

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24
Q

Direct agonist

A

A drug that binds with inactivates receptor.

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25
Q

Receptor blocker/direct antagonist

A

A drug that binds with a receptor but does not activate it; prevents the natural ligand from binding with the receptor.

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26
Q

Indirect antagonist

A

A drug that attaches to a building site on a receptor and interferes with the action of the receptor; does not interfere with the binding site for the principal ligand.

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27
Q

Indirect agonist

A

A drug that attaches to a binding site on a receptor and facilitates the action of the receptor; does not interfere with the binding site for the principal ligand.

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28
Q

Presynaptic heteroreceptor

A

A receptor located in the membrane of a terminal button that receives input from another terminal button by means of an axoaxonic synapse; binds with the neurotransmitter released by the presynaptic terminal button.

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29
Q

Acetyl-CoA

A

A cofactor that supplies acetate for the synthesis of acetylcholine.

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30
Q

Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)

A

The enzyme that transfers the acetate iron from acetyl coenzyme A to choline, producing the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

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31
Q

Botulinum toxin

A

An acetylcholine antagonist; prevents release by terminal buttons.

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32
Q

Black widow spider venom

A

A poison produced by the black with a spider that triggers the release of acetylcholine.

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33
Q

Neostigmine

A

A drug that inhibits the activity of acetylcholinesterace.

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34
Q

Nicotinic receptor

A

An ionotropic acetylcholine receptor that is stimulated by nicotine and blocked by curare.

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35
Q

Muscarinic receptor

A

A metabtropic acetylcholine receptor that is stimulated by muscarine and blocked by atropine.

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36
Q

Atropine

A

A drug that blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors.

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37
Q

Curare

A

A drug that blocks nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.

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38
Q

Monoamine

A

A class of amines that includes indolamines such as serotonin; and catecholamines, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.

39
Q

Catecholamine

A

A class of amines that includes the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine.

40
Q

Dopamine (DA)

A

A neurotransmitter; one of the catecholamines.

41
Q

L-DOPA

A

The levorotatory form of DOPA; the precursor of the catecholamines; often used to treat Parkinson’s disease because of its effect as a dopamine agonist.

42
Q

nigrostriatal system

A

A system of neurons originating in the substantia nigra and terminating in the neostriatum (cuadate nucleus and putamen).

43
Q

Mesolymbic system

A

A system of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area and terminating in the nucleus accumbens, amygdala, and hippocampus.

44
Q

Mesocortical system

A

A system of dopaminergic neurons originating in the ventral tegmental area and terminating in the prefrontal cortex.

45
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

Neurological disease characterized by tremors, rigidity of the limbs, poor balance, and difficulty in initiating movements; caused by degeneration of the nigrostriatal system.

46
Q

AMPT

A

A drug that blocks the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase and thus interferes with the synthesis of the catecholamines.

47
Q

Reserpine

A

A drug that interferes with the storage of monoamines in synaptic vesicles.

48
Q

Apomorphine

A

A drug that blocks dopamine receptors at low doses; at higher doses, blocks postsynaptic receptors as well.

49
Q

Methylphenidate

A

A drug that inhibits the reuptake of dopamine.

50
Q

Monoamine oxidase (MAO)

A

A class of enzymes that destroy the monoamines: dopamine, epinephrine, and serotonin.

51
Q

Deprenyl

A

A drug that blocks the activity of MAO-B; acts as a dopamine agonist.

52
Q

Chlorpromazine

A

A drug that reduces the symptoms of schizophrenia by blocking the dopamine D2 receptors.

53
Q

Norepinephrine (NE)

A

One of the catecholamines; a neurotransmitter found in the brain and in the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system.

54
Q

Epinephrine

A

One of the catecholamines; a hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla; serves also as a neurotransmitter in the brain.

55
Q

Fusaric acid

A

A drug that inhibits the activity of the enzyme dopamine-beta-hydroxylase and sauce blocks the production of norepinephrine.

56
Q

Moclobemide

A

A drug that blocks the activity of MAO-A; acts as a noradrenergic agonist.

57
Q

Locus coeruleus

A

A dark-colored group of noradrenergic cell bodies located in the pons near the rostral and of the floor of the fourth ventricle.

58
Q

Axonal varicosity

A

An enlarged region along the length of an axon that contain synaptic vesicles and a releases a neurotransmitter or neuromodulator.

59
Q

Idazoxan

A

A drug that blocks presynaptic noradrenergic alpha 2 receptors and hence acts as an agonist, facilitating the synthesis and release of NE.

60
Q

Serotonin (5-HT)

A

An indolamine neurotransmitter; also called 5-hydroxytryptamine.

61
Q

PCPA

A

A drug that inhibits the activity of tryptophan hydroxylase and thus interferes with the synthesis of 5-HT.

62
Q

Fluoxetine

A

A drug that inhibits the reuptake of serotonin.

63
Q

Fenfluramine

A

A drug that stimulates the release of serotonin.

64
Q

LSD

A

A drug that stimulates serotonin 2A receptors.

65
Q

MDMA

A

A drug that serves as a noradrenergic and serotonergic agonists, also known as “ecstasy”; has excitatory and hallucinogenic effects.

66
Q

Histamine

A

A new transmitter that plays an important role in stimulating wakefulness.

67
Q

Glutamate

A

An amino acid; the most important excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.

68
Q

NMDA receptor

A

A specialized ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a calcium channel that is normally blocked by Mg2+ ions; has several other binding sites.

69
Q

Kainate receptor

A

An ionotropic glutamate receptor that controls a sodium channel; stimulated by kainic acid.

70
Q

Metabotropic glutamate receptor

A

A category of metabotropic receptors that are sensitive to glutamate.

71
Q

AP5 (2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoate)

A

A drug that blocks the glutamate binding site on NMDA receptors.

72
Q

PCP

A

Phencyclidine; a drug that binds with the PCP binding site of the NMDA receptor and serves as an indirect antagonist.

73
Q

GABA

A

An amino acid; the most important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain.

74
Q

Allylglyicine

A

A drug that inhibits the activity of GAD and thus blocks the synthesis of GABA.

75
Q

Muscimal

A

A direct agonist for the GABA binding site of the GABA-A receptor.

76
Q

Bicuculline

A

A direct antagonist for the GABA binding site on the GABA-A receptor.

77
Q

Benzodiazepine

A

Category of anxiolytic drugs; an indirect agonist for the GABA-A receptor.

78
Q

Anxiolytic

A

An anxiety-reducing effect.

79
Q

Glycine

A

An amino acid; an important inhibitory neurotransmitter in the lower brain stem and spinal cord.

80
Q

Strychnine

A

Direct antagonist for the glycine receptor.

81
Q

Endogenous opioid

A

Class of peptides secreted by the brain that act as opiates.

82
Q

Enkephalin

A

One of the endogenous opioids.

83
Q

Naloxone

A

Drug that blocks opiate receptors.

84
Q

Endocannabinoid

A

Lipid; endogenous ligand for cannabinoid receptors, which also bind with THC, the active ingredient of marijuana.

85
Q

THC

A

Active ingredient of marijuana; activates CB1 receptors in the brain.

86
Q

Anandamide

A

The first cannabinoid to be discovered and probably the most important one.

87
Q

FAAH

A

Fatty acid anandamide hydrolase, the enzyme that destroys anandamide after it is brought back into the cell by anandamide transporters.

88
Q

Rimonabant

A

Drug that blocks CB1 receptors.

89
Q

MAFP

A

Drug that inhibits FAAH; presents the breakdown of anandamide.

90
Q

AM1172

A

Drug that inhibits the reuptake of anandamide.

91
Q

Adenosine

A

nucleoside; a combination of ribose and adenine; serves as a neuromodulator in the brain.

92
Q

Caffeine

A

Drug that blocks adenosine receptors.

93
Q

Nitric oxide (NO)

A

Gas produced by cells in the nervous system; used as a means of communication between cells.

94
Q

Nitric oxide synthase

A

The enzyme responsible for the production of nitric oxide.

Physiology Of Behavior (15 decks)

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