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A&P > Chemistry > Flashcards

Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

non-polar

A

-C-H bonds
-hydrophobic
-don’t have partial charges

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2
Q

polar

A

-H-N, O, F bonds
-hydrophilic
-have partial charges

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3
Q

H bonds

A

-polar
-bonds to N, O, F
-stabilizes structure of proteins and DNA
-provides properties of water

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4
Q

weakest->strongest bonds

A

H bonds, ionic bonds, covalent bonds

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5
Q

organic compounds

A

-contain C and H
-covalent bonds
-go through dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis
-carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, ATP

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6
Q

inorganic compounds

A

-water
-salts
-acids
-bases
-ionic bonds

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7
Q

water

A

-high heat cap
-high heat of vap
-polar
-reactivity
-cushioning

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8
Q

acid

A

proton donor

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9
Q

base

A

proton acceptor

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10
Q

redox rxns

A

in exchange and decomposition rxns

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11
Q

function of proteins

A

-repair and maintenance of tissues,
-energy
-hormones
-enzymes
-transportation and storage
-antibodies

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12
Q

function of lipids

A

-energy storage
-chemical, messengers
-forming membranes
-cholesterol formation
-absorption of vitamins
-hormone production
-cell signaling,
-maintenance of temp

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13
Q

integral proteins

A

firmy inserted into membrane

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14
Q

peripheral proteins

A

loosely attached to integral proteins

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15
Q

cytoplasm

A

holds components of the cell and protects the cell from damage

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16
Q

tight junctions

A

prevent fluids abd most molecules from moving b/w cells

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17
Q

desmosomes

A

-anchor cells together at plaques
-linker proteins
-gives stability

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18
Q

gap junctions

A

proteins that form pores that allow molecules to pass from cell-cell

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19
Q

functions of membrane proteins

A

-transport
-receptors for signal transduction
-attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM
-enzymatic activity
-intercellular joining
-cell-cell joining

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20
Q

fibrous proteins

A

-keratin
-elastin
-collagen
-contractile fibers

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21
Q

globular proteins

A

-antibodies
-hormones
-enzymes

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22
Q

monosaccarides

A

-pentose sugars
-ribose and deoxyribose (structural molecules)
-hexose sugars
-glucose (major source of fuel)

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23
Q

dissacharides

A

-sucrose
-maltose
-lactose

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24
Q

polysaccharides

A

starch and glycogen

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25
Q

saturated fats

A

-solid animal fats (butter)
-single bonds
-triglyceride (natural fats)
-trans fat

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26
Q

unsaturated fats

A

-plant oils (olive oil)
-double bonds
-heart healthy
-omega-3 fatty acids
triglyceride

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27
Q

phospholipids

A

-important for cell membrane structure
-hydrophilic head +hydrophobic tail

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28
Q

steroid

A

-4-ring structure
-cholesterol
-important in cell membranes
-vit. D synthesis
-steroid hormones
-bile salts

29
Q

ATP

A

-adenine-containing RNA nucleotide w/ 2 additional phosphate groups
-directly powers chemical rxns in cells
-phosphorylation

30
Q

DNA

A

-double stranded in nucleus
-pentose sugar is deoxyribose
-bases are A,G,C,T

31
Q

RNA

A

-single stranded outside nucleus
-pentose sugar is ribose
-bases are A,G,C,U

32
Q

primary structure

A

sequence of AA’s (amine + acid group)

33
Q

secondary structure

A

a-helices and B-sheets

34
Q

tertiary structure

A

3D shape

35
Q

quaternary structure

A

2 or more polypeptide chains

36
Q

denaturation

A

-proteins can be denatured due to heat and acidity
-proteins unfold and lose functional 3D shape

37
Q

dehydration synthesis

A

monomers are joined by the removal of OH from one monomer and removal of H from the site of bond formation (releases water)

38
Q

hydrolysis

A

monomers are released by the addition of water, adding OH to one monomer and H to the other

39
Q

enzymes

A

-catalysts
-increases speed of chemical rxns
-lowers activation energy
-substrate binds to active site

40
Q

holoenzyme

A

entire enzyme (coenzyme)

41
Q

apoenzyme

A

protein portion of enzyme (inactive)

42
Q

glycolysis

A

-glucose-> pyruvic acid
-4 ATP
-substrate level phosphorylation

43
Q

krebs cycle

A

-pyruvic acid-> CO2
-2 ATP
–substrate level phosphorylation

44
Q

ETC

A

-~30 ATP
-forms water
-oxidative phosphorylation

45
Q

C6H12O6+6O2->6CO2+6H2O+ATP

A

-glucose is oxidized
-oxygen is reduced

46
Q

phagocytosis

A

-engulfs solid particles into cell
-type of endocytosis

47
Q

pinocytosis

A

-engulfs liquid particles into cell
-type of endocytosis

48
Q

receptor-mediated

A

-imports macromolecules into cell via receptors
-type of endocytosis

49
Q

exocytosis

A

releases particles out of the cell

50
Q

RMP

A

-more negative inside than outside
-2 K+ pumped in (leakage channels for K+)-> pumped out
3 Na+ pumped out
- -70 mV

51
Q

ribosomes

A

protein synthesis

52
Q

lysosome

A

clean out cellular debris via hydrolase (ex: macrophage)

53
Q

smooth ER

A

lipid synthesis

54
Q

nucleus

A

holds DNA

55
Q

rough ER

A

protein synthesis

56
Q

mitochondria

A

ATP synthesis

57
Q

peroxisome

A

detoxifies toxic substances

58
Q

golgi apparatus

A

modifies, packages, and transports proteins

59
Q

primary active transport

A

-Na+/K+ pump
-requires ATP
-antiport

60
Q

secondary active transport

A

-Na+ is used to bring glucose into cell
-symport

61
Q

bonds that hold proteins in the proper 3-D conformation

A

-covalent
-ionic
-hydrogen

62
Q

example of simple diffusion

A

testosterone entering a skeletal muscle cell (lipophilic)

63
Q

intermediate filaments

A

attach to the desmosome to resist pulling forces exerted on the cell

64
Q

microtubules

A

radiate from centrosome

65
Q

cillia

A

move substances across cell surface

66
Q

microvilli

A

increase SA

67
Q

hyperventilation

A

-blood pH more acidic due to more drop in CO2 levels
-product is carbonic acid

68
Q

holding breath

A

-blood pH more basic due to more CO2 accumulation
-products are H+ and bicarbonate ion

A&P (16 decks)

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