Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

A&P > renal system > Flashcards

renal system Flashcards

1
Q

functions of kidneys

A

regulating total water volume and solute conc. in water
regulating ECF ion conc.
acid-base balance
removal of metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs
activation of vit. D
gluconeogenesis
renin and EPO secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

minor calyces

A

drain pyramids at papillae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

major calyces

A

collect urine from minor calyces
empty urine into renal pelvis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

urine flow

A

renal pyramid->minor calyx->major calyx->renal pelvis->ureter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

nephron

A

structural and functional units that form urine
contains renal corpuscle and tubule
mostly found in renal cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

renal corpuscle

A

contains glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

parietal layer=simple squamous epithelium
visceral layer= podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

podocytes

A

foot processes that cling to BM and allow filtrate to pass into capsular space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

PCT

A

cuboidal cells w/ dense microvilli and large mitochondria
secretion and absorption
site of most reabsorption (glucose, AA, Na+, water, ions, uric acid, urea)
secrete H+ into filtrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

distal descending limb of loop of henle

A

aka thin limb
simple squamous epithelium
water can leave, solutes cannot
higher osmolarity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

ascending limb of loop of henle

A

thick and thin limb
cuboidal to columnar cells
water cannot leave, solutes can
more dilute

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

DCT

A

cuboidal cells
secretion
in cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

principal cells

A

in collecting ducts
sparse
short microvilli
maintain water and Na+ balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

intercalated cells

A

in collecting ducts
cuboidal cells
abundant microvilli
A and B cells that both help maintain acid-base balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

collecting ducts

A

receive filtration from many nephrons
run through pyramids
fuse together to deliver urine through papillae into minor calyces
reabsorption hormonally regulated (ADH, aldosterone, ANP, PTH)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

cortical nephrons

A

85% of nephrons
mostly in cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons

A

long nephron loops deeply invade medulla
important in production of concentrated urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

glomerulus

A

specialized for filtration
blood goes into afferent arteriole->glomerulus->efferent arteriole
high BP due to large diameter of afferent arterioles
Bowman’s capsule receives filtrate from glomerulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

peritubular capillaries

A

low BP
porous
absorption of water and solutes
empty into venules
cling to adjacent renal tubules in cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

vasa recta

A

long, thin-walled vessels parallel to long nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons
arise from efferent arterioles serving juxtamedullary nephrons
formation of concentrated urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

macula densa

A

tall, closely packed cells of ascending limb
chemoreceptors sense NaCl content of filtrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

granular cells

A

aka juxtaglomerular cells
enlarged, SM cells
contain enzyme renin
mechanoreceptors sense BP in afferent arteriole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

extraglomerular mesangial cells

A

in juxtaglomerular complex
b/w arteriole and tubal cells
interconnected w/ gap junctions
pass signals b/w macula densa and granular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

glomerular filtration

A

no metabolic energy required
hydrostatic pressure forces fluids and solutes through filtration membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

filtration membrane

A

porous membrane b/w blood and interior or glomerular capsule (water and solutes smaller than plasma proteins)
made up of fenestrated endothelium, BM, and podocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries

A

glomerular BP
chief force pushing water and solutes out of blood
55 mmHg due to efferent arteriole being high resistance
promote filtrate formation (outward force)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

hydrostatic pressure in capsular space

A

inhibit filtrate formation (inward force)
pressure of filtrate in capsules
15 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

colloid osmotic pressure in capillaries

A

inhibit filtrate formation (inward force)
pull of proteins in blood
30 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

net filtration pressure

A

sum of forces
55 mmHg forcing out
45 mmHg opposing=net outward force of 10 mmHg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

GFR

A

volume of filtrate formed per min by both kidneys (120-125 mL/min)
directly proportional to NFP, total surface area available for filtration (controlled by glomerular mesangial cells), filtration membrane permeability
decreased GFR triggers renin release in order to increase GFR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

intrinsic controls

A

maintain GFR of kidneys when MAP in range of 80-180 mmHg
act locally within kidney
myogenic and tubuloglomerular (involves macula densa cells) mechanism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

extrinsic controls

A

maintain systemic BP
nervous and endocrine mechanisms that maintain BP
take over if BP <80 or >180 mmHg
decreased BP->release of NE by SNS and E by adrenal medulla->vasoconstriction->increase BP
OR decreased BP->constriction of afferent arterioles-> decreased GFR->increase BV and BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

myogenic mechanism

A

intrinsic control
increased BP->constriction of afferent arterioles-> restricts BF into glomerulus (protects glomerulus from damaging high BP)
decreased BP->dilation of afferent arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

RAAS

A

extrinsic control
stimulate renin release via granular cells by SNS, macula densa cells when NaCl filtrate concentration is low, or reduced stretch of granular cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

other extrinsic controls

A

adenosine
prostaglandin E2
intrinsic angiotensin II

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

form concentrated urine

A

juxtamedullary nephrons and vasa recta

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

juxtaglomerular apparatus

A

macula densa cells
juxtaglomerular cells
extraglomerular mesangial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

osmosis

A

reabsorption of water aided by aquaporins present in PCT (obligatory water reabsorption)
aquaporins present in collecting ducts only if ADH present (facultative water reabsorption)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

solute concentration

A

increases in filtrate as more water is reabsorbed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

transport maximum

A

reflects number of carriers in renal tubules available for every reabsorbed substance
when carriers saturated, excess excreted in urine (glucose)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

ADH

A

causes principal cells of collecting ducts to insert aquaporins in apical membranes (aids in water reabsorption)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

aldosterone

A

targets principal cells and DCT
promotes synthesis of apical Na+ and K+ channels and basolateral Na+-K+ ATPase for water reabsorption (water follows)
increases BP and decreases K+

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

ANP

A

decreases Na+ (decreases BV and BP)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

PTH

A

acts on DCT to increase Ca2+ reabsorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

tubular secretion

A

in PCT
K+, H+, NH4+, creatine, organic acids, HCO3-
disposes of drugs
eliminates and passively reabsorbs urea and uric acid
rid body of excess K+
controls blood pH via H+ and HCO3-

46
Q

urea

A

helps form medullary gradient
promotes reabsorption of water
increases concentration of urine

47
Q

diuretics

A

chemicals that enhance urinary output (ADH inhibitors, Na+ inhibitors, loop diuretics, osmotic diuretics)

48
Q

renal clearance

A

volume of plasma kidneys clear of particular substance in given time
used to determine GFR (detects glomerular damage or follows progress of renal disease)
C=UV/P

49
Q

chronic renal disease

A

GFR <60 mL/min for 3 months
in patients w/ DM or hypertension

50
Q

renal failure

A

GFR <15 mL/min
causes uremia
treated via hemodialysis or transplant

51
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

in PCT
Na+ most abundant
active transport out of cell via Na+-K+ ATPase to peritubular capillaries
passes through apical membrane via secondary active transport or FD

52
Q

urine

A

cloudy and increased pH=UTI
yellow pigment from urochrome or urobilin
pink= can indicate blood
brown= can indicate bile pigements
should be clear and pale to deep yellow
pH ranges from 4.5-8.0
ketones and proteins present in urine make it more acidic
95% water, 5% solutes (Na+, K+, PO43-, SO42-, Ca2+, Mg2+, HCO3-)
metabolic wastes= urea, uric acid, creatine
glucose, proteins, ketone bodies, Hb, bile pigments, RBCs, leukocytes should NOT be found in urine

53
Q

ureter

A

mucosa= transitional epithelium
muscularis= SM
adventitia= CT

54
Q

renal calculi

A

kidney stones in renal pelvis (Ca2+, Mg2+, uric acid salts)
block ureter and cause pressure and pain
can be due to chronic bacterial infection, urine retention, Ca2+ in blood, pH of urine

55
Q

bladder

A

stores urine
trigone= smooth triangular area outlined by openings for ureters and urethra; infections tend to persist in this region
mucosa= transitional epithelium
detrusor (smooth muscle)
adventitia= CT
rugae appear when empty
can hold ~500 mL of urine or 2x that amount

56
Q

urethra

A

mostly pseudostratified epithelium
internal urethral sphincter= involuntary smooth muscle
external urethral sphincter= voluntary skeletal muscle

57
Q

micturition

A

aka urination
1. distention of bladder activates stretch receptors
2. excitation of parasymp neurons in reflex center in sacral region of spinal cord
3. contraction of detrusor by ANS
4. opening of internal urethral sphincter by ANS
5. opening of external urethral sphincter by somatic NS

58
Q

pontine storage center

A

inhibits micturition
inhibits parasymp pathways
excites symp. and somatic efferent pathways

59
Q

pontine micturition center

A

promotes micturition
excites parasymp pathways
inhibits symp and somatic efferent pathways

60
Q

incontinence

A

from weakened pelvic muscles
stress-incontinence= increased intra-abdominal pressure forces urine through external sphincter
overflow incontinence= urine dribbles when bladder overfills

61
Q

countercurrent multiplier

A

interaction of filtrate flow in ascending and descending limbs of nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons
constant 200 mOsm diff, but is multiplied along the length of loop to 900 mOsm

62
Q

countercurrent exchanger

A

BF in ascending and descending limbs of vasa recta
transport solutes and water in two different directions (in and out)
preserve medullary gradient
concentrates urine

63
Q

renal pyramids

A

renal medulla
separated into renal columns

64
Q

renal columns

A

extension of renal cortex into medulla

65
Q

tubuloglomerular mechanism

A

intrinsic control
increased GFR leads to higher concentration of NaCl detected via macula densa cells->constriction of afferent arteriole->decrease GFR
decreased GFR leads to lower concentration of NaCl detected via macula densa cells->dilation of afferent arteriole-> increase GFR

66
Q

renal pelvis

A

receives urine from major calyces

67
Q

layers of surrounding supportive tissue of kidneys

A

renal fascia
perirenal fat capsule
fibrous capsule

68
Q

renal arteries

A

abdominal aorta->renal artery ->segmental arteries->interlobar arteries-> arcuate arteries-> interlobular arteries (cortico radiate)-> afferent arteriole

69
Q

renal veins

A

efferent arterioles-> peritubular capillaries->interlobular (cortico radiate) veins->arcuate veins->interlobar veins->renal vein->IVC

70
Q

nephron loop

A

employs countercurrent mechanism

71
Q

ICF

A

2/3 in cells
40% of body weight
25 L

72
Q

ECF

A

1/3 in cells
20% of body weight
plasma= 3 L (20%)
IF= 12 L (80%)

73
Q

total body water

A

40 L

74
Q

water output

A

must equal input (~2500 mL/day)
60% lost through urine
rest lost via insensible water loss (skin, lungs, perspiration, feces)

75
Q

osmolality

A

280-300 mOsm
increase causes thirst and ADH release
decrease causes thirst and ADH inhibition
governed by hypothalamic thirst center and activated via dry mouth, decreased BV and BP, angiotensin II or baroreceptor input, osmolality of 1-2%

76
Q

decreased ADH

A

dilute urine
decreased volume of body fluids

77
Q

increased ADH

A

concentrated urine
reabsorption of water
increase in volume of body fluids

78
Q

ADH release

A

can be triggered by drop in BP, intense sweating, vomiting, diarrhea, severe blood loss, traumatic burns, prolonged fever

79
Q

hypotonic hydration

A

cellular overhydration due to rapid excess water ingestion
ECF osmolality decreases (hyponatremia)-> swelling of cells (can cause nausea, vomiting, muscular cramping, cerebral edema, death)
treated via hypertonic saline

80
Q

dehydration

A

ECF water loss due to hemorrhage, severe burns, prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, profuse sweating, water deprivation, diuretic abuse, endocrine disturbances
can cause weight loss, fever, mental confusion, hypovolemic shock, loss of electrolytes

81
Q

edema

A

accumulation of IF (tissue swelling)
result of fluid out of blood-> can be caused by increased capillary hydrostatic pressure or permeability
can also be caused by decreased fluid going into blood

82
Q

Na+

A

controls ECF and water distribution
water in filtrate follows Na+ if ADH present
if lost in urine=water loss
65% reabsorbed in PCT (when H+ are secreted)
25% reclaimed in nephron loops
main ion responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure

83
Q

K+

A

affects RMP and muscle cells
increased ECF K+->decreased RMP->delayed repolarization->reduced excitability
decreased ECF K+->hyperpolarization and nonresponsiveness
part of buffer system
acidosis causes increase ECF K+ (H+ moves out, K+ moves in)
alkalosis causes decrease ECF K+ (H+ moves in, K+ moves out)

84
Q

hypocalcemia

A

excitability and muscle tetany

85
Q

hypercalcemia

A

inhibits neurons and muscle cells
may cause heart arrhythmias

86
Q

Cl-

A

major anion in ECF
99% is reabsorbed
maintains osmotic pressure
fewer Cl- reabsorbed when acidosis occurs

87
Q

anion gap

A

measured to be 8-12
increased gap can indicate source of metabolic acidosis (keto or lactic acids will replace Cl- instead)

88
Q

H+

A

regulated via chemical buffer system, brain stem respiratory centers, renal mechanisms
secreted mostly by PCT

89
Q

buffer systems

A

bicarbonate-> only important in ECF buffer; involves H2CO3 and HCO3-
phosphate-> buffer in urine and ICF; involves H2PO4- and HPO42-
protein-> amphoteric; involves COOH and NH4; Hb is a intracellular buffer

90
Q

alkaline reserve

A

kidneys replenish bicarbonate via type A cells and ammonium ion secretion

91
Q

type A cells

A

generate bicarbonate ions to make blood more basic

92
Q

type B cells

A

secrete bicarbonate ions in order to eliminate them and make blood more acidic (reclaims H+)

93
Q

respiratory alkalosis and acidosis

A

caused by respiratory failure
most important indicator of blood CO2 levels

94
Q

metabolic acidosis and alkalosis

A

indicated by abnormal bicarbonate levels

95
Q

ammonium ion excretion

A

more important in acid removal
involves metabolism of gluatamine in PCT (produces 2 ammonium and 2 bicarbonate)
bicarbonate moves to blood and ammonium is excreted in urine

96
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

PCO2 levels <35 mmHg
results from hyperventilation
renal compensation indicated via decreasing bicarbonate levels
due to stress or pain

97
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

low blood pH and bicarbonate
due to alcohol poison, persistant diarrhea, ketoacidosis, lacticacidosis, starvation, kidney failure

98
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

high blood pH and bicarbonate
caused by vomiting of acid contents of stomach or excess intake of antacids

99
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

renal compensation indicated via high PCO2 and bicarbonate levels

100
Q

blood pH below 6.8

A

depression of CNS->coma->death

101
Q

blood pH above 7.8

A

excitation of NS->muscle tetany, extreme nervousness, convulsions, death due to respiratory arrest

102
Q

normal ranges of pH, PCO2, HCO3

A

pH= 7.35-7.45
PCO2=35-45
HCO3=22-26

103
Q

decreased pH

A

due to increased CO2 (what is causing it to be respiratory) or
decreased bicarbonate (what is causing it to be metabolic)

104
Q

increased pH

A

due to decreased CO2 (what is causing it to be respiratory) or increased bicarbonate (what is causing it to be metabolic)

105
Q

venous blood and IF pH

A

7.35

106
Q

ICF pH

A

7.0

107
Q

increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

A

can be caused by incompetent venous valves, localized blood vessel blockage, CHF, increased blood volume

108
Q

increased permeability

A

can be caused by ongoing inflammatory response

109
Q

hypoproteinemia

A

imbalance in colloid osmotic pressure
caused by malnutrition, liver disease, glomerulonephritis
can lead to edema (ascities)

110
Q

IF

A

16% of body weight

111
Q

addison’s disease

A

adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol or aldosterone

112
Q

diabetes insipidus

A

inability to regulate fluid balance due to deficiency in ADH

A&P (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions