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reproductive system Flashcards

1
Q

primary male sex organs

A

testes (produce sperm and testosterone)

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2
Q

secondary male sex organs

A

epididymis (sperm storage, nutrient transfer to stored sperm, absorption of testicular fluid)
ductus deferens (vas deferens)-> transports sperm from epididymis to urethra
seminal vesicles (produces alkaline seminal fluid)-> majority of semen
prostate (secretes acidic fluid, sperm activation, transportation and production of sperm)
bulbo-urethral glands (cowper’s glands)-> produces mucous during arousal, lubricates, neutralizes acidic urine)

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3
Q

GnRH

A

indirectly stimulates testes via FSH and LH

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4
Q

testosterone

A

directly stimulated by FSH and LH
neg feedback on hypothalamus and AP

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5
Q

inhibin

A

inhibits GnRH and FSH release
neg feedback on hypothalamus and AP

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5
Q

spermatogenesis

A

mitosis of spermatogonia forms 2 primary spermatocytes (2n)
meiosis transforms primary spermatocytes to secondary spermatocytes (n)-> 4 round spermatids
round spermatids become spermatozoa via elongation (lose excess cytoplasm and form a tail)

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6
Q

sertoli cells

A

aka sustentacular cells
provide nutrients and signals for sperm transport, phagocytize faulty germ cells and excess cytoplasm
produce chemical mediators to regulate spermatogenesis
target cell of FSH
produce androgen-binding protein

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7
Q

leydig cells

A

primary source of testosterone
aka interstitial cells
are located in spaces b/w adjacent seminiferous tubules of testis
target cell of LH

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8
Q

anatomy of sperm

A

acrosome (enable sperm to penetrate egg)
flagella (provides motility)
midpiece (produces ATP to move tail)

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9
Q

comp. of semen

A

prostaglandins (decrease viscosity)
relaxin (provides sperm motility)
ATP (provides energy)

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10
Q

semen

A

alkaline white mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions

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11
Q

erection

A

NO release triggers smooth muscle relaxation
arterioles dilate and corpora cavernosa expands
erectile tissue fills w/ blood
penis enlarges and stiffens

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12
Q

ejaculation

A

bladder constricts
ducts and accessory glands contract
bulbospongiosus muscles rapidly contract in a series (orgasm)

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13
Q

pathway of sperm

A

seminiferous tubules-> epididymis->ductus deferens-> ejaculatory duct->urethra-> glans penis

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14
Q

meiosis 1

A

random alignment of homologous pairs (synapsis)-> formation of tetrads
crossover (chiasmata)-> exchange of genetic material b/w male and female chromatids
primary spermatocyte (2n)-> two secondary spermatocytes (n)-> 2 genetically diff. daughter cells

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15
Q

meiosis 2

A

secondary spermatocyte (n)-> 4 spermatids (n)-> 4 genetically diff daughter cells

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16
Q

blood testis barrier

A

prevents activation of immune system of the male against developing sperm

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17
Q

type A cells

A

maintain germ cell line at basal lamina

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18
Q

type B cells

A

move towards lumen and develop into primary spermatocytes

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19
Q

mitosis of spermatogonia

A

results in one type A and one type B daughter cell

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20
Q

basal compartment of tight junction

A

spermatogonia and primary spermatocytes

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21
Q

adluminal compartment of tight junction

A

meiotically active cells and tubule lumen

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22
Q

dartos muscle

A

wrinkles scrotal skin

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23
Q

cremaster muscle

A

elevates testes

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24
Q

primary female sex organs

A

ovaries= produce ova, estrogen, and progesterone

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25
Q

secondary female sex organs

A

fallopian tubes= transport ova out of ovary
uterus= ovum implantation and development into fetus site
vagina= birth canal
vulva= sexual arousal and protection

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26
Q

GnRH

A

triggers the release of FSH and LH

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27
Q

theca cells

A

in response to LH, produce androgens

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28
Q

granulosa cells

A

in response to FSH, convert androgens to estrogen
secrete progesterone after ovulation to maintain corpus luteum (increased estrogen and progesterone levels)

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29
Q

LH

A

increase estrogen levels
triggers ovulation

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30
Q

FSH

A

triggers the growth of eggs in the ovaries and preps them for ovulation
initiates spermatogenesis in males

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31
Q

oogenesis

A

oogonia (2n) multiply via mitosis and store nutrients during fetal period
primary oocytes develop in primordial follicles (prophase 1)
during ovulation, 2 haploid cells (secondary oocyte and first polar body) result via meiosis 1
pauses at metaphase 2 and completes meiosis 2 if fertilized (results in ovum and 2 more polar bodies)
if not fertilized, deteriorates
after puberty, primordial follicles mature into primary follicles, which mature into secondary follicles, and then mature into graafian follicles before ovulation every month until menopause

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32
Q

follicular phase

A

increase FSH levels
primary follicle->secondary follicle->graafian follicle
increase estrogen levels
increase LH levels
decrease progesterone levels

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33
Q

luteal phase

A

ruptured follicle turns into corpus luteum
increase progesterone levels
increase estrogen levels
if fertilized, corpus luteum is maintained and progesterone production continues
if not fertilized, corpus luteum degenerates (decrease progesterone levels, decrease estrogen levels, breakdown of endometrium= menstruation)

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33
Q

ovulation

A

decreased LH levels
decreased FSH levels
follicle ruptures=egg released
increased progesterone levels
decreased estrogen levels

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34
Q

uterine cycle

A

menstrual phase= hormones levels decrease, bleeding (days 1-5)
proliferative phase= levels of estrogen increase, ovulation, egg-white like cervical mucous (days 6-14)
secretory phase= levels of progesterone increase, cervical mucous thickens, corpus luteum-> corpus albicans (days 15-28)

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35
Q

menopause

A

cessation of menses
decreased levels of estrogen
hot flashes
osteoporosis
atrophy of reproductive organs and breasts
irritability and sometimes depression
decreased levels of HDL
treated with small doses of estrogen/progesterone

36
Q

structures associated w/ testes

A

tunica albuginea
tunica vaginalis
pampiniform venous plexous

37
Q

where do sperm acquire their motility

A

epididymis

38
Q

follicle cells are part of

A

primordial follciles

39
Q

the uterus is anchored to the anterior body wall by the

A

round ligament

40
Q

cryptorchidism

A

testes fail to descend

41
Q

clitoris

A

counterpart of penis

42
Q

labia majora

A

counterpart of male scrotum

43
Q

follicular cells

A

granulosa cells

44
Q

the cells that result from the equatorial division of spermatogenesis are called

A

spermatids

45
Q

spermiation

A

the release of a sperm cell from its connection to a sertoli cell

46
Q

zona pellucida

A

the glycoprotein layer b/w the oocyte and granulosa cell of an ovarian follicle

47
Q

corona radiata

A

thick outer layer of ovarian follicle

48
Q

theca interna

A

secretory cells of an ovarian follicle

49
Q

theca externa

A

cells of an ovarian follicle that produce collagen

50
Q

the perineum is bounded by

A

pubic symphysis
ischial tuberosities
coccyx

51
Q

seminal fluid comp.

A

fructose
citric acid
coagulating enzyme
prostaglandins

52
Q

prostate gland fluid comp.

A

citrate
enzymes
prostate specific antigen

53
Q

seminal glands

A

posterior and inferior to bladder

54
Q

estrogen

A

builds up endometrium
stimulates oxytocin receptors on the uterus
initiation of Braxton Hicks

55
Q

fertilization

A
  1. sperm are capacitated
  2. sperm follow olfactory trail
  3. sperm goes through corona radiata then binds to zona pellucida (acrosomal rxn)
  4. enzymes released digest holes in zona pellucida
  5. 100s of acrosomes release enzymes to digest zona pellucida
  6. after fusion of plasma membrane of sperm and oocyte, Ca2+ is released triggering cortical rxn (cortical granules release ZIPs to destroy sperm receptors)-> prevents polyspermy
  7. Ca2+ surge also triggers completion of meiosis II and results in ovum + 2 more polar bodies
  8. sperm and ovum nucleus form male and female pronucleus
56
Q

cleavage

A

mitotic divisions of zygote
at day 4 or 5, zygote becomes blastocyte (embryo)-> implants 6-7 days after ovulation-> converts to gastrula

57
Q

blastocyte

A

composed of trophoblast and inner mass cells

58
Q

hCG

A

triggers corpus luteum to continue to secrete progesterone and estrogen
levels decline after placenta secretes progesterone and estrogen instead
highest during 9th week of pregnancy

59
Q

placentation

A

formation of placenta from embryonic and maternal tissues

60
Q

inner cells mass

A

give rise to extraembryonic mesoderm that lines the surface of trophoblast

61
Q

trophoblast

A

give rise to chorion and chronic villi (fetal portion of placenta)
release enzymes that digest endometrium

62
Q

decidua baslis

A

maternal portion of placenta
stratum fucntionalis b/w chronic villi and stratum basale of endometrium

63
Q

gastrulation

A

occurs wk 3
embryonic disc composed of ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
appearance of primitive streak (establishes longitudinal axis of embryos)
conversion of embryo to gastrula

64
Q

ectoderm

A

forms fetal NS and epidermis

65
Q

endoderm

A

forms fetal epithelial linings and glands

66
Q

mesoderm

A

forms fetal bones and muscles

67
Q

parturition

A
  1. cortisol triggers placenta to release more estrogen
  2. production of oxytocin receptors by myometrium
  3. formation of gap junctions b/w uterine and smooth muscle cells
  4. antagonism of progesterone-> Braxton Hicks
  5. oxytocin triggers placenta to release prostaglandins-> more frequent and vigorous contractions
  6. oxytocin release from posterior pituitary triggers positive feedback on increasing size of cervix
  7. cervix effaces and dilates to 10 cm (dilation stage)
  8. amnion ruptures (dilation stage)
  9. engagement-> head enters true pelvis (dilation stage)
  10. crowning (expulsion stage)
  11. afterbirth-> delivery of placenta (placental stage)
68
Q

lactation

A

production of milk by mammary glands
occurs towards end of pregnancy
placenta releases estrogen, progesterone, human placental lactogen->PRH via hypothalamus
AP releases prolactin
prolactin release decreases after birth
lactation triggered by suckling

69
Q

colostrum

A

initial breast milk that is more nutrient rich, yellow in color, and rich in IgA antibodies

70
Q

let-down reflex

A

release of milk from nipple

71
Q

ductus venosus

A

bypasses liver
umbilical vein->ductus venosus->IVC

72
Q

foramen ovale

A

opening in interatrial septum
bypass pulmonary circulation

73
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

bypasses pulmonary circulation
pulmonary trunk-> ductus arteriosus->aorta

74
Q

side effects of pregnancy

A

chadwick’s sign (vagina develops purplish hue)
breasts enlarge and areola darken
melasma
lordosis
weight gain
possibility of gestational diabetes
increased levels of PTH and vit. D
ribs flare and thorax widens
morning sickness
heartburn and constipation
increased urine production
incontinence
nasal edema and congestion
increased BV and CO (40%)
varicose veins
increased tidal volume
glucose sparing

75
Q

hPL

A

aka human placental lactogen
maturation of breasts
fetal growth
glucose sparing in mother (reserving glucose for fetus)

76
Q

syncytiotrophoblasts

A

fetal cells that digest uterine cells
produce enzymes that allow implantation to occur

77
Q

inner cell mass

A

develops into embryonic disc

78
Q

umbilical vein

A

remnant of ligamentum teres

79
Q

umbilical arteries

A

median umbilical ligaments

80
Q

epiblast cells

A

form amnion, mesoderm, endoderm, and ectoderm

81
Q

hypoblast cells

A

form yolk sac and atlantois

82
Q

yolk sac

A

forms part of digestive tube
source of earliest blood cells and blood vessels

83
Q

atlantois

A

structural base for umbilical cord
becomes part of urinary bladder

84
Q

morula

A

solid ball of cells formed around 4th day after fertilization

85
Q

implantation

A

usually occurs in the posterior wall of the body or fundus of the uterus

86
Q

embryonic period

A

first 2 months following fertilization

87
Q

weeks 3-8 of pregnancy

A

major development of organ systems

88
Q

weeks 8-20 of pregnancy

A

bone formation

a&p (16 decks)

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