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nutrition Flashcards

1
Q

triglycerides

A

saturated (meat, dairy, trans fats)
unsaturated (seeds, nuts, olive and vegetable oils)

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2
Q

cholesterol

A

egg yolk
meats
organ meats
shellfish
milk

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3
Q

essential fatty acids

A

linoleic (omega 6) and linolenic (omega 3) acid->helps lower chances of heart disease
found in vegetable oil

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4
Q

functions of lipids

A

help absorb fat-soluble vitamins
major fuel of hepatocytes and skeletal muscle
cholesterol stabilizes membrane (precursor of bile salts and steroid hormones)
prostaglandins-> SM contraction, BP control, inflammation
phospholipids essential in myelin sheaths and all cell membranes
adipose tissue-> protection, insulation, fuel storage

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5
Q

complete proteins

A

contain all needed AA’s
eggs, milk, fish, most meats, soybeans
legumes+cereal grains= contain all essential AA’s

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6
Q

incomplete proteins

A

lack some essential AA’s
legumes, nuts, cereals

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7
Q

structural materials of proteins

A

keratin
collagen
elastin
actin
myosin

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8
Q

functions of proteins

A

enzymes
some hormones

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9
Q

nitrogen balance

A

rate of protein synthesis=rate of breakdown and loss

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10
Q

positive nitrogen balance

A

synthesis exceeds breakdown
in children, pregnancy, and tissue repair

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11
Q

negative nitrogen balance

A

breakdown exceeds synthesis
in stress, burns, infection, injury, starvation, poor dietary proteins

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12
Q

starch

A

complex carb
in grains and vegetables

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13
Q

sugars

A

fruits
sugarcane
sugar beets
honey
milk

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14
Q

insoluble fiber

A

cellulose
provides roughage

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15
Q

soluble fiber

A

pectin in apples and citrus fruits
lowers blood cholesterol

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16
Q

water-soluble vitamins

A

vitamins B and C
not stored in body->excreted if not used within 1 hr

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17
Q

vitamin C

A

aka ascorbic acid
promotes the laying down of collagen in CT
antioxidant->neutralizes free radicals
deficiency can result in scurvy (degeneration of skin, teeth, blood vessels)
overdose can result in GI upset

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18
Q

vitamin B6

A

aka pyridoxine
coenzyme used in AA metabolism
deficiency linked w/ neurological symp.
overdose can result in numbness of hands/feet and unstable gait

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19
Q

vitamin B3

A

aka niacin
deficiency can cause pellagra
overdose can result in liver damage and skin flush

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20
Q

vitamin B12

A

coenzyme in nucleic acid metabolism
deficiency can lead to pernicious anemia

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21
Q

fat-soluble vitamins

A

vitamins A, D, E, K
stores in body except for vit. K
vitamins A and E neutralize free radicals (antioxidants)
broccoli, cauliflower, brussel sprouts= good source of vit. A and C

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22
Q

vitamin A

A

provitamin A (B-carotene)
structural comp. of visual pigment retinol
antioxidant
deficiency can lead to night blindness
overdose can result in blurred vision, liver toxicity, alopecia

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23
Q

vitamin D

A

converted to calcitrol via PTH in kidneys
increases role of intestinal Ca2+ and phosphates absorption
deficiency can lead to osteomalacia in adults and rickets in children
overdose can result in brain, CV, and kidney damage
common cause of deficiency is steatorrhea (fat malabsoprtion syndrome)

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24
Q

vitamin E

A

stabilizes intracellular membranes
needed for hair/skin maintenance
helps prevent damage to cell membranes
antioxidant

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25
Q

vitamin K

A

aquamephyton, antihemorrhagic vitamin
synthesizes 3 clotting factors and prothrombin
produced by bacteria in LI
overdose can result in liver damage and anemia
coumatin (anticoagulant)= blocks vit. K uptake and utilization to decrease prothrombin formation by liver and prolong clotting times

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26
Q

minerals

A

inorganic ions released by dissociation of electrolytes
work w/ nutrients to ensure proper body functioning
Ca2+, phosphorous, K+, sulfur, Na+, Cl-, Mg2+, iron, iodine
vegetables, legumes, milk, some meats

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27
Q

carb metabolism

A

oxidation of glucose (C6H12O6+6O2->6H2O+6CO2+32 ATP + heat)
glucose enters cells via FD
phosphorylated to glucose-6-phosphate
most cells lack enzymes for reverse rxns-> traps glucose inside cell (intestines and kidneys)->liver can reverse rxn and release glucose
keeps intracellular glucose conc. low for continued glucose entry

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28
Q

glycolysis

A

10 steps
anaerobic
occurs in cytosol
glucose->2 pyruvic acid
final products are 2 pyruvic acid, 2 NADH+H+, 2 ATP, 2 H2O
if O2 present, moves onto krebs cycle in mitochondria
if no O2 present, pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid-> may be converted to glucose-6-phosphate for storage as glycogen in liver or de-phosphorylation

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29
Q

krebs cycle

A

aerobic, but does not directly use O2
NADH molecules must be oxidized to NAD+
pyruvic acid from glycolysis converted into acetyl coA (acetic acid+coenzyme A) and then enters krebs cycle
acetyl coA combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate
forms 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP as products

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30
Q

chemiosmotic process

A

couples movement of substances across membrane to chemical rxns
energy used to pump H+ across mitochondrial membrane (flows through ATP synthase membrane channel->energy used to phosphorylate ADP)

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31
Q

ETC

A

oxidative phosphorylation
NADH++H+ and FADH2 oxidized to NAD+ and FAD
electrons passed along chain to final electron acceptor (O2)
H+ pumped into intramembrane space (establishes proton gradient)
water is byproduct

32
Q

ATP synthase

A

produces ~30 molecules of ATP at the end of ETC

33
Q

glycogenolysis

A

formation of glucose form glycogen

34
Q

gluconeogenesis

A

glucose is formed via AA’s

35
Q

glycogenesis

A

glucose is polymerized into glycogen
stored in liver and skeletal muscles

36
Q

coenzyme A

A

facilitates the transfer of carbon molecule

37
Q

dehydrogenation

A

oxidation of molecules (H+ is removed from molecules and transfered)
NAD+ and FAD becomes reduced into NADH and FADH2->provides electrons to ETC
occurs in krebs cycle

38
Q

decarboxylation

A

carboxyl group is removed from a molecule in order to form CO2
occurs in krebs cycle and results in acetic acid and CO2

39
Q

calcium

A

most abundant mineral in human body

40
Q

oxaloacetic acid

A

4-carbon molecule that starts krebs cycle

41
Q

micronutrients

A

vitamins
minerals

42
Q

macronutrients

A

proteins
carbs
fat

43
Q

protein metabolism

A

not stored in body
oxidized for energy or converted to fat for storage if in excess

44
Q

transamination

A

transfer of an amino group (-NH2) from one amino acid to a ketoacid, typically an α-keto acid (turns into glutamic acid)

45
Q

oxidative deamination

A

in liver
rids body of toxic ammonia
glutamic acid converted to a-ketoglutaric acid
urea excreted in urine via kidneys

46
Q

amino acid pool

A

body’s total supply of free AA’s
proteins lost in urine, hair, skin cells
source for resynthesizing body proteins, forming AA derivatives, gluconeogenesis

47
Q

carb and fat pools

A

oxidized directly to produce energy
excess carbs are stored

48
Q

absorptive state of carbs

A

anabolism exceeds catabolism
nutrients stored
glucose is the major source of energy and is converted in the liver to glycogen or fat which is released to the blood for storage in adipose tissue as VLDLs

49
Q

absorptive state of lipids

A

chylomicrons transport lipids to muscle and fat
most glycerol and fatty acids converted to triglycerides for storage which can used by adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle as energy source

50
Q

absorptive state of proteins

A

excess AA deaminated and used for ATP synthesis or stored as fat in the liver
most AA used in protein synthesis

51
Q

insulin

A

controls absorptive state
stimulated by increased BG and AA levels and intestinal GIP and parasymp NS

52
Q

DM

A

inadequate insulin production or abnormal insulin receptors
glucose unavailable to most body cells
increased BG levels
glucose is lost in urine
fats and proteins used for energy->metabolic acidosis, protein wasting, weight loss

53
Q

glucagon

A

stimulated by decreased BG and increased AA levels
hyperglycemic hormone

54
Q

hypoglycemia

A

too much insulin in relation to amount of glucose
decreased serum glucose levels to 50 mg/dL or below
triggers SNS stimulation via E from adrenal medulla (fight or flight response)
triggers the release of GH, thyroxine, sex hormones, corticosteroids

55
Q

postabsorptive state

A

catabolism of lipids, carbs, and proteins exceed anabolism
makes glucose available to blood
promotes use of fats for energy (glucose sparing)
triggered by reduced insulin release as BG levels drop (controlled via symp NS)

56
Q

sources of glucose

A

glucogenolysis in liver and skeletal muscle
lipolysis in adipose tissue and liver
catabolism of cellular protein

57
Q

lipoproteins

A

transport water-insoluble cholesterol and triglycerides in blood
regulate lipid entry/exit of target cells
contain triglycerides, phopholipids, cholesterol, and protein
increased percentage of lipid= decreased density

58
Q

VLDLs

A

mostly triglyceride
transport triglycerides from liver to peripheral tissues (mostly adipose)

59
Q

LDLs

A

cholesterol rich
transport cholesterol to peripheral tissues for membrane, storage, or hormonal synthesis

60
Q

HDLs

A

highest protein content
transport excess cholesterol from peripheral tissues to liver to be broken down and secreted into bile
provide cholesterol to steroid producing organs

61
Q

saturated fatty acids

A

stimulate liver synthesis of cholesterol
inhibit cholesterol excretion from body

62
Q

unsaturated fatty acids

A

enhance excretion of cholesterol
enhance cholesterol catabolism to bile salts

63
Q

trans fats

A

type of unsaturated fat
ex. margarine
worse than saturated fats
increases LDLs and decreases HDLs

64
Q

energy intake

A

energy liberated during food oxidation

65
Q

energy output

A

~60% lost as heat
used to do work via ATP
stored as fat or glycogen

66
Q

metabolic rate

A

total heat produced by chemical rxns and mechanical work of body
influenced by body SA, age, gender, body temp, stress, thyroxine
measured in post-absorptive state (reclining position, relaxed mentally and physically, room temp 25-25 C)
BMR increases as ratio of body SA to volume increases

67
Q

chylomicrons

A

lowest density
composed of triglycerides, cholesterol, phospholipids
formed in intestines after the absorption of dietary fats
transport dietary lipids from the intestines to various tissues via lacteals in the body to be stored or used

68
Q

lipid metabolism

A

fats mostly transported via chylomicrons via lacteal
hydrolyzed into fatty acids and glycerol
triglycerides used for energy
converted to glucose if carbs deficient, but oxaloacetic acid must be present
(w/o it, converted by ketogenesis in liver to ketone bodies)

69
Q

glycerol

A

enters glycolysis as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
produces half the amount of ATP carbs do from oxidative phosphorylation

70
Q

fatty acid

A

chains broken into 2-carbon acetic acid fragments and reduced co-enzymes (acetic acid->acetyl coA->krebs cycle->reduced coenzymes->ETC)

71
Q

lipogenesis

A

triglyceride synthesis

72
Q

lipolysis

A

glycerol and fatty acids used for fuel

73
Q

ketosis

A

increased ketones in blood
increases acidity of blood=metabolic acidosis
symp. include fruity breath, increased RR to release CO2 and increase pH
ketone bodies excreted in urine
commonly found in starvation, unwise dieting, and DM

74
Q

cholesterol

A

total recommended levels= less than or equal to 200 mg/dL
HDL= greater than 60 is good; less than 40 is not good
LDL= less than or equal to 100 mg/dL is good; greater than or equal to 130 mg/dL is not good

75
Q

lactic acid fermentation

A

allows cells to make ATP w/o the involvement of O2
pyruvic acid->lactic acid (regenerates NAD+ and NADH)
allows glycolysis to continue to produce ATP by maintaining the necessary supply of NAD+

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