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A&P > heart > Flashcards

heart Flashcards

1
Q

murmur

A

sound of blood flowing through a valve

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2
Q

mitral valve stenosis

A

narrowing of a valve due to Ca2+ deposits or endocarditis
leads to impaired BF from left atrium to left ventricle
increased generated force leads to left atrium hypertrophy and enlargement
treated via BB, CCB, surgery
symptoms include DOE, fatigue, loud S1, mid-diastolic murmur

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3
Q

mitral valve prolapse

A

blood backflows into the mitral valve and back into the left atrium
reduces CO
may cause pulmonary hypertension

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4
Q

ischemia

A

heart is deprived of O2
leads to anaerobic respiration and lactic acid buildup
high Ca2+ and H+ conc.
can lead to mitochondria damage and closing of gap junctions

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5
Q

anoxia

A

deficiency or complete loss of O2 in other tissues of the body

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6
Q

angina pectoralis

A

chest pain
treated via nitroglycerin (vasodilator), BB, ballon angioplasty/stents

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7
Q

myocardial infraction

A

aka “heart attack”
Bf to the heart is stopped can be diagnosed via EKG, blood tests, angiogram, echocardiogram
treated via asprin, plavix, BB, surgery

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8
Q

CHF

A

heart has reduced ability to pump blood
long-term condition
can cause edema to the lower portions of the body

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9
Q

risk factors of myocardial infraction and angina pectoralis

A

hypertension
dyslipidemia
smoking

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10
Q

P-Q interval

A

time it takes atria to depolarize

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11
Q

Q-T interval

A

time it takes ventricles to depolarize and repolarize

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12
Q

flutter

A

rapid, regular contractions that can later progress to fibrillation

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13
Q

fibrillation

A

rapid, irregular contractions that can impair pumping of blood and cease circulation
can lead to brain death

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14
Q

heart block

A

few, or no impulses reach the ventricles, causing them to contract slowly

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15
Q

ventricular filling

A

mid-late diastole
AV valves open and ventricles start filling w/ blood due to the atria contracting
when pressure of the ventricles exceed the atria the AV valves close

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16
Q

isovolumetric contraction

A

ventricular systole
all valves closed
volume of blood stays the same
atria relax
ventricles contract
increase in pressure

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17
Q

ventricular ejection

A

when the pressure in the ventricle exceeds the pressure in the aorta and pulmonary arteries ventricular ejection occurs

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18
Q

isovolumetric relaxation

A

early diastole
SL valves close
pressure decreases

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19
Q

CO

A

amount of blood the. heart pumps in 1 min
HR*SV

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20
Q

SV

A

amount of blood pumped out of one ventricle w/ each beat
EDV-ESV

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21
Q

frank-sterling law

A

increase in stretch of the heart-> increases contraction size-> increases CO
increase in EDV leads to increase in SV

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22
Q

fibrous pericardium

A

protects
anchors to surrounding structures
prevents overfilling

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23
Q

myocardium

A

made up of spiral bundles of contractile cardiac muscle cells and a cardiac skeleton which had interlacing layers of CT

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24
Q

endocardium

A

made of simple squamous epithelium
continuous w/ the endothelial linings of blood vessels and lines heart chambers and the cardiac skeleton of valves as well

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25
Q

cardiac skeleton

A

anchor cardiac muscle fibers
support vessels and valves
limit the spread of APs to specific paths

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26
Q

left coronary artery

A

receive blood from aortic SL valve
branches into circumflex, left marginal, and LAD arteries

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27
Q

right coronary artery

A

receives blood from pulmonary SL valve
branches into right marginal and PAD arteries

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28
Q

incompetent valve

A

blood backflows so heart repumps same blood over and over

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29
Q

valvular stenosis

A

stiff flaps-> constrict opening
heart must exert more force to pump blood

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30
Q

cardiac tamponade

A

excess fluid sometimes compresses heart->limits pumping ability

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31
Q

col pulmonale

A

enlargement of the right ventricle
due to increased BP in pulmonary circuit

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32
Q

hypocalcemia

A

depresses heart

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33
Q

hypercalcemia

A

increased HR and contractility

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34
Q

hyperkalemia

A

alters electrical activity
can lead to heart block and cardiac arrest

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35
Q

hypokalemia

A

feeble heartbeat
arrhythmias

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36
Q

pulmonary congestion

A

left side fails
blood backs up into lungs

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37
Q

peripheral congestion

A

right side fails
blood pools in body organs
leads to edema

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38
Q

treatment for pulmonary and peripheral congestion

A

diuretics
vasodilators
digitalis

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39
Q

coronary sinus

A

branches into great, middle, and small cardiac veins
empties into right atrium

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40
Q

preload

A

degree of stretch of cardiac muscle cells before they contract
measures by EDV

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41
Q

contractility

A

contractile strength

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42
Q

afterload

A

pressure ventricles must overcome to eject blood
hypertension increases after load

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43
Q

female HR

A

faster than males

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44
Q

desmosomes

A

prevent cells from separating during contraction

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45
Q

inotrophic effect

A

affects contractility
due to medications
can be positive or negative

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46
Q

chronotrophic effect

A

affects HR
positive or negative
due to SNS or PNS

47
Q

pericarditis

A

inflammation of pericardium
creaking sound heard w/ stethoscope (pericardial friction rub)-> roughens membrane surface

48
Q

HR effect on SV

A

increase in HR leads to the decrease in EDV, SV, and contractility because there is less time for ventricular filling

49
Q

VR effect on SV

A

increase in VR leads to the increase in SV and EDV

50
Q

BV effect on SV and CO

A

decrease in BV leads to a decrease in EDV and SV
no change in CO

51
Q

dicrotic notch

A

increase in aortic pressure due to blood rebounding against closed SL valve
occurs during isovolumetric relaxation

52
Q

short-term mechanisms for regulating BP regulate

A

vessel diameter
HR
contractility

53
Q

increased resistance

A

decrease BF
increase BP

54
Q

increased length

A

decrease BF
increase BP

55
Q

increased diameter

A

increase BF
decrease BP

56
Q

increased viscosity

A

decrease BF
increase BP

57
Q

BP

A

force of blood pushing against walls of arteries

58
Q

systolic pressure

A

pressure exerted in aorta during ventricular contraction

59
Q

diastolic pressure

A

lowest level of aortic pressure

60
Q

pulse pressure

A

difference b/w systolic and diastolic pressure

61
Q

pulse

A

throbbing of arteries

62
Q

MAP

A

pressure that propels blood to tissues
diastolic pressure+1/3(pulse pressure)
OR 1/3 systolic + 2/3 diastolic

63
Q

vaso vasorum

A

part of large arteries and veins that nourish tunica externa

64
Q

precapillary spinchters

A

regulate BF into true capillaries

65
Q

veins

A

contain venous valves and venous sinuses
formed when venules converge
lower BP than arteries
act as blood reservoirs
large diameter
little resistance
contain up to 65% of blood supply

66
Q

venous valves

A

prevent backflow of blood

67
Q

venous sinuses

A

flattened veins w/ extremely thin walls (coronary sinus of heart)

68
Q

long-term renal regulation

A

alters BV

69
Q

direct renal mechanism

A

elimination of urine (decreases BP)
conservation of water (increases BP)

70
Q

indirect renal mechanism

A

RAAS
renin converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin I in liver-> angiotensin I converted to angiotensin II via ACE in lungs

71
Q

angiotensin II

A

releases aldosterone and ADH
increases thirst
stimulates vasoconstriction
increases BP

72
Q

muscular pump

A

milks blood towards the heart due to contraction of skeletal muscle

73
Q

respiratory pump

A

moves blood towards the heart by squeezing abdominal veins as thoracic veins expand in response to pressure changes during breathing

74
Q

venoconstriction

A

pushes blood towards the heart under sympathetic control

75
Q

tunica intima

A

slick surface
reduces friction
elastic fibers
simple squamous epithelium

76
Q

tunica media

A

made up of SM and sheets of elastin
control vasoconstriction and vasodilation
influence BF and BP

77
Q

tunica externa

A

made up of collagen fibers
protect, reinforce, and anchor to surrounding structures
contains nerve fibers and lymphatic vessels

78
Q

elastic arteries

A

contain elastin
large lumen
low resistance
acts as pressure reservoir
inactive in vasoconstriction
ex. aorta

79
Q

muscular arteries

A

distal to elastic arteries
deliver blood to organs
active in vasoconstriction

80
Q

arterioles

A

smallest arteries
lead to capillary beds
control flow via vasocontriction and vasodilation
most resistance

81
Q

capillaries

A

smallest blood vessels
pericytes= help stabilize walls and control permeability
exchange gases, nutrients, wastes, and hormones b/w blood and ISF

82
Q

continuous capillaries

A

abundant in skin and muscle cells
help form BBB in brain
rich in tight junctions

83
Q

fenestrated capillaries

A

more permeable than continuous capillaries
contain pores
found in small intestine, endocrine glands, and kidneys
function is absorption and filtrate formation

84
Q

sinusoid capillaries

A

fenestrated
few tight junctions
found only in the liver, bone marrow, spleen, and adrenal medulla
contain macrophages in linings

85
Q

venules

A

formed when capillary beds unite
very porous

86
Q

secondary hypertension

A

due to issues in the kidneys, hyperthyroidism, and cushing’s syndrome

87
Q

blood flow

A

fastest in the aorta
slowest in capillaries

88
Q

vasomotion

A

slow, intermittent flow
reflects on/off opening and closing of precapillary sphincters

89
Q

HPc

A

force fluids through capillary walls
35 mm Hg at arterial end
17 mm Hg at venous end
filtration occurs at arterial end

90
Q

HPif

A

pressure that would push fluid into vessel
0 mm Hg

91
Q

OPc

A

nondiffusible plasma proteins draw water towards themselves (pulls water into capillary)
26 mm Hg
absorption occurs at venous end

92
Q

OPif

A

1 mm Hg
increases as fluid leaves the capillaries and enter IF

93
Q

NFP

A

comprises all forces acting on capillary bed
NFP=(HPc+OPif)-(HPi+OPc)

94
Q

celiac trunk

A

comprised of left gastric, splenic, and common hepatic arteries

95
Q

hepatic portal vein

A

drains into splenic, gastric, superior and inferior mesenteric veins

96
Q

atherosclerosis

A

arteries harden or thicken due to plaque build up

97
Q

arteriosclerosis

A

arteries gradually harden and become damaged

98
Q

aneurysm

A

abnormal buldge or ballooning in the wall of a blood vessel

99
Q

circulatory shock

A

any condition in which blood vessels inadequately fill and blood cannot circulate normally
results in inadequate blood flow to meet tissue needs (hypoxia)

100
Q

hypovolemic shock

A

results from large-scale blood loss

101
Q

vascular shock

A

results for extreme vasodilation and decreased peripheral resistance

102
Q

cardiogenic shock

A

results when an insufficient heart cannot sustain adequate circulation (decreased CO)

103
Q

fetal circulatory system

A

umbilical vein->ductus venosus (liver)–>foramen ovale (heart) OR ductus arteriosus (heart)->umbillical artery

104
Q

ductus venosus

A

allows highly oxygenated blood to bypass liver to the inferior vena cava

105
Q

foramen ovale

A

allows blood to bypass lungs and moves blood from the right atrium to the left atrium->left ventricle-> aorta-> aortic arch->umbilical arteries

106
Q

ductus arteriosus

A

moves blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta->aortic arch->umbilical arteries

107
Q

intercalated discs

A

two cardiac muscle cells connected by desmosomes and gap junctions

108
Q

why is the left side of the heart thicker than the right?

A

increased resistance

109
Q

increase in pH

A

leads to vasoconstriction

110
Q

decrease in pH

A

leads to vasodilation

111
Q

myogenic control

A

ability of SM to respond to changes in mechanical load or intravascular pressure

112
Q

ADH

A

water reabsorption
increase BP

113
Q

aldosterone

A

sodium reabsorption
increase BP

114
Q

pectinate muscles

A

found in atrium

A&P (16 decks)

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