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AP Psychology > Chapter 7 Reading Quiz! > Flashcards

Chapter 7 Reading Quiz! Flashcards

1
Q

Memory

A

Continual learning over time through storage and retrieval

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2
Q

encoding

A

Processing information into memory system- extracting meaning.

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3
Q

Storage

A

retaining stored encoded information

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4
Q

retrieval

A

getting information out of memory storage

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5
Q

Three stages of forming memories:

A

sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

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6
Q

Unconscious processing:

A

external event- sensory input, sensory memory- encoding, working/short term memory- encoding- retrieving, long term memory

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7
Q

working memory

A

understanding of short term memory- focuses on conscious processing- and retrieved long term memory information

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8
Q

Working memory focuses:

A

conscious active processing of incoming auditory and visual spatial information and retrieved info from long-term memory

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9
Q

Parallel processing

A

Doing many things at once to understand a problem.

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10
Q

Retention

A

to remember

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11
Q

Automatic process

A

unconscious encoding of incidental information

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12
Q

Effortful Processing

A

Encoding requiring attention and conscious effort

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13
Q

Rehearsal

A

Conscious repetition of information

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14
Q

Spacing effect

A

Rehearsal distributed over time

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15
Q

Acoustic encoding

A

Encoding of sound

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16
Q

Testing effect

A

Testing is a powerful means of improving learning not just testing it

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17
Q

Point to remember 2:

A

Spaced study and self-assessment beat cramming

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18
Q

Serial position effect

A

tendency to recall last and first items in a list best

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19
Q

Visual encoding

A

Encoding of pictures

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20
Q

Semantic encoding

A

Encoding of meaning; especially meaning of words

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21
Q

Chunking

A

Organizing familiar items into manageable units; often automatic

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22
Q

Echoic memory

A

Sound/word recalled seconds after sensory stimuli

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23
Q

Ltp

A

Long-term potentiation

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24
Q

Long-term potentiation

A

Increase in synapses firing potential after brief rapid stimulation

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25
Q

self-reference effect:

A

Relating things to ourselves more easily

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26
Q

imagery

A

mental pictures

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27
Q

mnemonics

A

memory aids

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28
Q

Rosy retrospection

A

Negative emotions recalled from bad events fade more rapidly than positive emotion recalled from good events.

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29
Q

Iconic memory

A

Memory of visual stimuli; lasts several seconds

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30
Q

Flashbulb memory

A

clear memory of an emotionally significant event

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31
Q

Amnesia

A

Loss of memory

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32
Q

Implicit memory or

A

Non-declarative/ procedural memory

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33
Q

Implicit memory

A

retention independent of conscious recollection

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34
Q

Explicit memory

A

memory of experiences/facts and individual can consciously declare

35
Q

Explicit memory or

A

declarative memory

36
Q

Hippocampus located in

A

limbic system

37
Q

Hippocampus

A

helps process explicit memories for storage

38
Q

cerebellum stores

A

implicit memories created by classical conditioning

39
Q

recall

A

Measure of memory in which the person must retireive information learned earlier

40
Q

relearning

A

Measures of memory assessing the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time

41
Q

priming

A

activation unconsciously of an individuals associations

42
Q

recognition

A

memory by identifying what was already learned

43
Q

proactive interference

A

when something learned prior disrupts recall of new information

44
Q

retroactive interference

A

Disruptive effect of new information on recall of old information

45
Q

mood-congruent memory

A

recalling experiences consistent with good or bad moods

46
Q

Repression casues

A

conscious anxiety aroused thought, feelings and memories to banish

47
Q

misinformation effect

A

incorporating misleading info into a memory

48
Q

source amnesia

A

Attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about or imagined.

49
Q

algorithm

A

step-by-step procedures guaranteeing a solution

50
Q

heuristic

A

Thinking strategy often error producing

51
Q

insight

A

solution to a problem

52
Q

creativity

A

ability to produce novel ideas

53
Q

confirmation bias

A

searching for info that suppotrs our ideas

54
Q

fixation

A

inability to see problem from a different perspective

55
Q

mental set

A

approach problem, in a particular way

56
Q

functional fixedness

A

tendency to think of things in terms of usual functions

57
Q

representative heuristic

A

judge likelihood of things in terms or particular prototypes

58
Q

availability heuristic

A

estimating likelihood of events based on their availability in memory

59
Q

overconfidence

A

overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs/judgements

60
Q

belief perseverance

A

clinging to initial conceptions after basis they were formed on were discredited

61
Q

langauage

A

how we communicate meaning

62
Q

phoneme

A

smallest distinctive sound unit in language

63
Q

morpheme

A

smallest unit with meaning

64
Q

morpheme expample

A

a words prefix

65
Q

grammar

A

system of rules enabling communication

66
Q

semanatics

A

study of meaning

67
Q

syntax

A

rules for combining swords in to grammatically correct sentences

68
Q

babbling stage

A

various unrelated sounds produced by infants

69
Q

one-word stage

A

single words spoken by 1 to 2 year olds

70
Q

two word stage

A

speech development involing two-words statements

71
Q

telegraphic speech

A

children’s speech of mostly nouns and verbs

72
Q

linguistic determinism

A

language determines how we think

73
Q

Hypothesis of Linguistic determinism presented by

A

Benjamin Lee Whorf

74
Q

Sensory memory

A

Brief recording of sensory information into memory system

75
Q

Short- Term memory

A

Briefly holds few items before information is forgotten

76
Q

Short-term memory example

A

7 digits of a phone number while dialing

77
Q

Long- term memory

A

Relatively limitless storehouse of memory system.

78
Q

Long-term memory includes

A

Knowledge, skills and experiences

79
Q

Automatic processing examples:

A

Space, time, Frequency and well-known word meanings

80
Q

Rehearsals purpose:

A

Maintain information consciously/ encode information for storage

81
Q

Spacing effect allows for:

A

more long-term retention

82
Q

Acoustic encoding often includes:

A

the sound of words

83
Q

De ja vu

A

Cues from current situations may subconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience

AP Psychology (13 decks)

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