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AP Psychology > Chapter 8 Part 1 Reading Quiz > Flashcards

Chapter 8 Part 1 Reading Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

motivation

A

a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior.

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2
Q

Instinct theory was replaced by

A

the evolutionary perspective

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3
Q

evolutionary perspective focuses on

A

genetically predisposed behaviors

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4
Q

Drive-reduction theory focuses on

A

inner pushes and external pulls interact

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5
Q

Arousal theory focuses on

A

finding the right level of stimulation

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6
Q

Hierarchy of needs was created by

A

Abraham Maslow

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7
Q

Hierarchy of needs explains

A

how some of our needs take priority over others

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8
Q

when people criticized themselves

A

self-abasement instinct

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9
Q

when people boasted

A

self-assertion iinstinct

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10
Q

instinct

A

behavior which shows pattern through out a species and is innate

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11
Q

homeostasis

A

maintenance of a steady interal state

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12
Q

drive-reduction theory

A

idea of a physiological need creating an aroused tension stat that motivates an organism to satisfy the need

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13
Q

incentives

A

positive or negation environmental stimulus that motivates behavior

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14
Q

physiological needs

A

satisfy hunger & thirst

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15
Q

safety needs

A

need for the world to feel organized/predictable and that you are safe

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16
Q

belongingness/love needs

A

need to loved, accepted, and to avoid separation/loneliness

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17
Q

esteem needs

A 
self esteem
achievement
independence
competence
respect from others
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18
Q

self-actualization needs

A

need to live up to our fullest/unique potential

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19
Q

self-transcendence needs

A

need to find meaning/identity beyond the self

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20
Q

glucose

A

sugar circulates in the blood and provides a source of energy for body tissues

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21
Q

when glucose levels are low

A

we feel hunger

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22
Q

ghrelin

A

a hunger-arousing hormone secreted by an empty stomach

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23
Q

obestatin

A

sends out a fullness signal that suppresses hunger

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24
Q

leptin

A

a protein which is secreted by fat cells and acts to diminish the rewarding pleasure of food

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25
Q

set point

A

an individuals weight thermostat

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26
Q

when the body falls below the set point

A

there is an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight

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27
Q

basal metabolic rate

A

the body’s resting rate of energy expenditure

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28
Q

neophobia

A

dislike of unfamiliar things

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29
Q

Anorexia nerovsa

A

individual diets significantly yet still feels fat

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30
Q

individuals with anorexia nervosa are

A

15% underweight

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31
Q

when anorexia girls

A

starve/diet

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32
Q

individuals with bulimia nervosa

A

purge/vomit

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33
Q

binge-eating disorder

A

significantly binge eat followed by remorse but do not fast,purge or exercise excessively

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34
Q

social cultural influences on eating behavior

A
  • culturally learned taste preferences

- responses to cultural preference for appearance

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35
Q

biological influences on eating behavior

A
  • appetite hormones
  • stomach pangs
  • weight set/set point
  • attraction sweet/salty tastes
  • adaptive wariness to novel foods
  • hypothalamic centers monitoring appetite
36
Q

heritability

A

genetic influences on individual differences

37
Q

sexual response cycle

A

four stages of sexual responding

38
Q

four stages in sexual response cycle

A
  • excitement
  • plateau
  • orgasm
  • resolution
39
Q

refractory period

A

a resting period after orgasm

40
Q

men may not have an other orgasm for up to

A

a day

41
Q

estrogen

A

sex hormones secreted in greater amounts by females

42
Q

in nonhuman mammal estrogen peaks during

A

ovulation- promoting sexual receptivity

43
Q

testosterone

A

more in males which stimulates growth of sex organs and sex characteristics

44
Q

biological influences of sexual motivation

A
  • sexual maturity
  • sex hormones- testosterone
  • sexual orientation
45
Q

psychological influences of sexual motivation

A
  • exposure to stimulating conditions

- sexual fantasies

46
Q

socialcultural influences of sexual motivation

A
  • family/society values
  • religious/personal values
  • cultural expectations
  • media
47
Q

sexual orientation

A

gay or straight

48
Q

asexual

A

having never felt sexually attracted to anyone

49
Q

fraternal birth order effect

A

the more older brothers the more likely the child is homosexual

50
Q

ostracism

A

social exclusion

51
Q

Cannon-Bard theory

A

Theory that emotion arousing stimuli trigger physiological responses and the subjective experience of emotion

52
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

Theory that our experience of emotion is our awareness of out physiological responses to emotion arousing stimuli

53
Q

Two-factor theory

A

Schachter-Singer theory that to experience emotion one must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal

54
Q

emotion responses involved

A

a whole organism

55
Q

emotion is illustrated by

A

physiological arousal, expressive behaviors and conscious experience

56
Q

James-Lange Theory

A

experience of emotion follows our physiological response

57
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

A

Emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers our physiological response and experience of emotion

58
Q

Two-factor theory is also called

A

The Schachter-Singer Theory

59
Q

Two- Factor theory proposes

A

to experience emotion we must be physically aroused and cognitively label the arousal

60
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

mobilizes your body for action and calms following crisis

61
Q

sympathetic divsion

A

directs your adrenal glands to release epinephrine and norepinephrine

62
Q

epiniphrine is the same as

A

adrenaline

63
Q

norepinephrine is the same as

A

noradrenaline

64
Q

polygraphs are frequently used

A

machines used to detect lies

65
Q

polygrpah

A

measure several of the physiological responses accompanying emotion

66
Q

arousal fuels emotion while

A

cognition channels it

67
Q

spill-over effect

A

arousal response effects our next response by (spilling over)

68
Q

empathy

A

you identify with others and imagine what it must be like to walk in their shoes

69
Q

emotional display rules

A

expressing more emotion to fellow group members than outsiders

70
Q

biological influences of emotion

A
  • physiological arousal
  • evolutionary adaptiveness
  • brain pathways
  • spillover effect
71
Q

psychological influences of emotion

A
  • cognitive labeling

- gender differences

72
Q

social-cultural influences

A
  • expressiveness
  • presence of others
  • cultural expectations
73
Q

facial feedback

A

effect of facial expressions on experienced emotions; as when a facial expression of anger or happiness intesifies feelings of anger or happiness

74
Q

critical period

A

time shortly after birth; effects the development of baby birds because they are imprinting- forming attachments with the first things they come in contact with

75
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

ability to reason speedily and abstractedly- decreases during later adulthood

76
Q

James-Lange

A

we experience physiological response (body language) before realizing emotion (fear)- often main motivation for fear

77
Q

unconditioned stimulus (classical conditioning)

A

original cause of reaction/response

78
Q

unconditioned stimulus example

A

oysters; which in turn caused them to be sick (unconditioned response)

79
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

what is paired with unconditioned stimulus to create same response

80
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

ex: someone who eats oysters and becomes sick the following time they smell oysters and they would get a similar reaction because of their prior association.

81
Q

unconditioned/conditioned stimuli generally

A

cause us to form associations between stimuli

82
Q

refractory period in neural firing

A

time after neural firing where action potential can not occur- helps our neurons to return to their resting potential

83
Q

action potential

A

a neural impulse/ which may transfer information

84
Q

sound localization

A

where we identify the localization of a certain sound; directs our attention towards different noise making stimuli

85
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

sudden experience of a previously extinguished response; old habits may reoccur after relapsing

86
Q

Anterograde Amnesia

A

inability to create new memories after an incident; prominent in elderly/ amnesia victims and those involved in accidents which impacted their brain.

AP Psychology (13 decks)

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