Ch.8. Concept Practice: Short-Term Memory Capacity Flashcards

1
Q

What is Memory?

A

The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information.

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2
Q

What is Recall?

A

Retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time.

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3
Q

Recognition

A

Identifying items previously learned.

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4
Q

Learning something more quickly when you learn it a second or later time.

A

Relearning

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5
Q

Parallel Processing

A

Processing many aspects of a stimulus or problem simultaneously.

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6
Q

Sensory Memory

A

The Immediate, very brief recording of sensory information in the memory system.

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7
Q

Short-term memory

A

Briefly activated memory of a few items that is later stored or forgotten.

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8
Q

Long-term memory

A

the relatively permanent and limitless archive of the memory system. includes knowledge, skills, and experiences.

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9
Q

Working memory

A

A newer understanding of short-term memory that adds conscious, active processing of both incoming sensory information and information retrieved from long-term memory.

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10
Q

Explicit Memories

A

retention of facts and experiences that we can consciously know and “declare”

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11
Q

encoding that requires attention and conscious effort.

A

Effortful processing

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12
Q

Automatic processing

A

unconscious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time, and frequency, and of familiar or well-learned information, such as sounds, smells, and word meanings.

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13
Q

retention of learned skills or classically conditioned associations independent of conscious recollection.

A

implicit memory

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14
Q

A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second.

A

Iconic memory

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15
Q

Echoic memory

A

A momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attention is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds.

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16
Q

Chunking Information

A

organizing items into familiar, manageable units; often occurs automatically.

17
Q

Mnemonics

A

memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices.

18
Q

Spacing Effect

A

the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through massed study or practice.

19
Q

Testing Effect

A

Enhanced memory after retrieving, rather than simply rereading, information.

20
Q

Shallow Processing

A

encoding on a basic level, based on the structure or appearance of words.

21
Q

Deep Processing

A

encoding semantically, based on the meaning of the words.

22
Q

A psychologist who asks you to write down as many objects as you can remember having seen a few minutes earlier is testing your _______.

A

Recall

23
Q

The psychological terms for taking in information, retaining it, and later getting it back out are ______, ________, and _________.

A

Encoding; Storage; Retrieval.

24
Q

The concept of working memory.

A

clarifies the idea of short-term memory by focusing on the active processing that occur in this stage.

25
Q

Sensory memory may be visual (________ memory) or auditory (________ memory).

A

Iconic; Echoic.

26
Q

Our short-term memory for new information is limited to about ______ bits of information.

A

Seven

27
Q

Memory aids that use visual imagery or other organizational devices are called ________.

A

Mnemonics

28
Q

Episodic

A

Stores memories as images (may include 5 senses) (explicit)

29
Q

Semantic

A

“I know that…” stores concepts, rules, principles, and problem-solving skills. (explicit)