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plant biology > Bryophytes > Flashcards

Bryophytes Flashcards

1
Q

Characteristics plants share with green algae

A
  • primary photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a, b , carotenoids)
  • primary energy storage compound (starch)
  • cell walls cellulose
  • form phragmoplasts and cell plates during division
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2
Q

phragmoplasts

A

complex of microtubules and endoplasmic reticulum.
- acts as a framework for cell plate assembly and subsequent formation of the future cell wall separating the two daughter cells.

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3
Q

pectin

A

pectin helps keep the walls of adjacent cells joined together.

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4
Q

How do plants differ from algae

A

moss have:
- epidermal cells have a waxy cuticle
- multicelled sporangia surround developing spores
- multicelled gametangia surround developing gametes
- embryos are surrounded by protective cells

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5
Q

Specific bryophye characteristics:

A
  • no vascular tissue… nonvascular plants lack lignified water-conducting tissues
  • gametophyte generation is dominant
  • fewer specialized tissue
  • motile, multiflagellated sperm
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6
Q

three classes of bryophyta

A
  • class sphagnopsida
  • class bryopsida
  • class andreaopsida
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7
Q

class sphagnopsida

A

peat mosses

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8
Q

class bryopsida

A

true mosses

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9
Q

class andreaopsida

A

rock mosses

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10
Q

phylum bryophyta structure of leaves

A
  • gametophyte thallus is threadlike with narrow leaflike projections attached to stem
  • no veins
  • thin
  • no petiole (leafstalk)
  • no mesophyll or stomata
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11
Q

phylum bryophyta axis structure

A
  • no conductive tissue (not a stem)
  • may have hydroids (sponge cells that soak up water)
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12
Q

phylum bryophyta rhizoids

A
  • threadlike, anchor base
  • help absorb but not a root
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13
Q

Phylum bryophyta gametangia

A
  • form by mitosis near tips of gametophyte or on special stalks
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14
Q

gametangia

A

specialized organ or cell in which gametes are formed

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15
Q

antheridia

A

male, looks like hot dog on stick, produces sperm

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16
Q

archegonia

A

female, produces ovum

17
Q

paraphyses

A

grows around the anteridium/archegonium

18
Q

moss fertilization

A
  • antheridium swells and forces sperm out
  • archegonia secrete attractive molecules
  • sperm swims down neck of archegonium and unites with egg
19
Q

moss sporophyte develop from zygote (2n process)

A
  • venter of archegonium expands as the zygote is breaking out
  • sporophyte is formed from the expanding archegonium
  • calyptra and operculum break away from the peristome
  • sporocytes are undergoing meiosis in the sporangium to produce spores
  • spores are now freed through the peristome from the capsule
20
Q

asexual reproduction moss (1n process)

A
  • spores grow into protonema
  • produces buds which grow into either female or male gametophytes
  • undergo fertilization process, restart cycle
21
Q

Liverworts

A

phylum hepatophyta

22
Q

two groups of liverworts

A
  • thalloid liverworts (marchantia)
  • leafy liverworts (frullania, tropical 80% of species)
23
Q

external structure of thalloid liverwort

A

external: dichotomously forked, robust and 30 cells thick
- upper surface: polygons, pores that stay open
- lower surface: rhizoids

24
Q

internal strucutre thalloid liverwort

A
  • hollow chambers
  • upper: green, pore
  • walls: food storage
  • columns of chlorenchyma (photosynthesizing cells)
25
Q

liverwort gametophores

A

antheridiophore (producing sperm at tip)
archegoniophore (each produce 1 egg, palm tree)

26
Q

liverwort fertilization (2n)

A
  • young sporophyte formed from fertilized egg
  • sporophyte structure:
    foot,
    seta,
    calyptra,
    sporocytes
    capsule
  • capsule splits at maturity to release spores
27
Q

liverwort asexual reproduction (1n)

A
  • spores form female and male gametophores
  • most liverworts can reproduce asexually by means of gemmae, which are disks of tissues produced by the gametophytic generation. The gemmae are held in special organs known as gemma cups and are dispersed by rainfall.
  • can also reproduce with fragmentation
28
Q

Hornworts

A
  • phylum anthocerotophyta
  • mostly on moist ground, some on trees
29
Q

structure of hornworts

A
  • thallus
    internal:
    mucilage filled chamber network (mucus)
    N-fixing bacteria (cyanobacteria)
    1 chloroplast/cell with large pyrenoid ( store starch)
30
Q

hornwort sexual reproduction

A
  • gametangia buried in surface of thallus
  • fertilization occurs in water
31
Q

hornwort sporophyte structure

A
  • foot attaches
  • no seta
  • has meristem (rapidly dividing cells)
  • grows upward like a horn
    -sporocytes form from spores by meiosis
  • spores released by splitting of sporophyte
32
Q

hornwort asexual reproduction

A
  • fragmentation or tubers

plant biology (38 decks)

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