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plant biology > leaves > Flashcards

leaves Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

basic parts

A

blade or lamina

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2
Q

lamina/blade

A

flat part of leaf.

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3
Q

petiole

A

base/stalk of a leaf… if not present, known as a sessile leaf (unstalked)

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4
Q

veins

A

thickened bundles of vascular tissue of the leaf

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5
Q

hydaphodes

A

open veins in a leaf, not plugged in the leaf.
examples: guttation from hydathodes, releasing water

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6
Q

stipules

A

small leaf at base of big leaf, can be estipulate if no stipule present

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7
Q

abscission layer

A

layer of cells at base of petiole, weakens and breaks during leaf drop season.

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8
Q

simple leaves

A

have only one blade…

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9
Q

reticulate venation

A

common for dicots, complex network of veins, some examples are palmate, pinnate,

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10
Q

parallel venation

A

parallel veins

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11
Q

dichotomous venation

A

dichotonous veination veins splitting

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12
Q

compound leaves

A

more than one blade, hard to distinguish compound leaves from a whorl: look for the petiole, look for axillary bud

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13
Q

pinnately compound

A

petiole continues as a rachus (extension of the petiole, contains leaflets)

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14
Q

alternate leaves

A
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15
Q

opposite leaves

A
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16
Q

whorled leaves

A
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17
Q

three types of tissue in leaves

A

epidermis, mesophyll, vascular tissue

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18
Q

epidermis of leaves

A
  • single layer of cells all over the leaf,
  • epidermis has no chlorophyll
  • cells secrete cutin, which is used to make a cuticle on the surface of the leaf
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19
Q

three types of epidermal cells

A

typical
guard cell - swell up when taking in water, includes stomata
gland cell - secretes something, have different shapes

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20
Q

stomata

A

more common on the underside of the leaf, considered to be why there is more hair ot he bottom of leaf

floating leaves do not have on the underside, so they have stomata on the top of their leaves.

21
Q

mesophyll cells in DICOTS

A

chlorenchyma cells
this is where photosynthesis takes place

  • palisade mesophyll: tightly packed post like cells
  • spongy mesophyll: moist, must be regulated because if dry out the stomata close.
22
Q

mesophyll in MONOCOTS

A

dont have different types of mesophyll cells, bulliform cells line the inner shaft of mesophyll, if full of water the bulbiform will expannd and open up the leaf

23
Q

leaves changing in the fall… tannins

A

occurs by different pathways…
- chlorophyll is broken down, chlorophyll is transported into the roots so that other colors can show through.

  • simplest, which is brown, is drab.
  • tannins give the tan protein, which gives tan / brown colored leaves.
24
Q

tannins

A

-brown

25
Q

carotenoids

A
  • carotenes: yellow or orange
  • xanthophylls: pale yellow..
26
Q

anthocyanin, betacyani

A

not associated with photosynthesis, water soluble, found in vacuoles.
Anthocyanins are red
If alkaline, cell sap is blue.
if neutral, is intermediate color

betacyanin: red, less common, water soluble.
Can be in beets, cactus, amaranth

27
Q

cell sap

A

material in central vacuolec

28
Q

change in color

A

as chlorophyll goes away, can see other colors better.

29
Q

abcission

A

preparing for and taking place of leaf dropping.
As leaf grows, special patch of cells in abcission zone function is surpressed in summer. Hormonally triggered changes in this zone,

30
Q

separation layer

A

distal to protective layer, cells become weak, secrete proteins that breaks down middle lamella (which attaches cells together), so cells become loose from each other. After this happens, most of the petiole is no longer attached and vascular bundle hangs on loosely. When wind comes along, vascular bundle snaps and abcission takes place (leaf falls)

31
Q

sun vs shade leaf

A

sun: leaves are thicker
shade: thinnder

32
Q

leaves from arid areas

A

leaves reduced in size, (leaves can be spines), or thick/leathery to reduce water loss, reduced stomata

33
Q

submerged plants

A

little xyla, not a lot of pallasaid perenchyma , underwater leaves may be dramatically different (smaller deeper in water, large leaves closer to surface), less vascular tissue

33
Q

tendrils

A

modified leaves, support plant by wrapping, in grapes it is the stem

33
Q

storage leaves

A

succulents
store water within leaves
iceplant (hottentot fig)

34
Q

spines

A

stipules of leaf forms spines, barberry, black locus

35
Q

reproductive leaves

A

kalenchoe: serrated edges of leaf, has babies between the edges, can drop these and they form their own life

36
Q

bracts

A

specialized leaves associated with flowers often, may be leaf like,

37
Q

pitcher plant

A

can capture prey (insects) that have nitrogen, predatory plant, secrete nectar near the rim and fluid near bottom. Insects fall in and cannot climb up the sides, digestive enzymes

38
Q

sundew

A

has hairs that secrete sticky fluid, insects get caught, digestive enzymes digest insect

39
Q

venus flytrap

A

only grows naturally in bogs of the carolinas. Hinged, leaves close to trap the fly

40
Q

bladderworts

A

small aquatic plants, bumps have a chamber that is sealed and vaccuumed. If an insect touches it, a trap door opens and they get sucked inside to digest them

41
Q

butterwort

A

leaves look like butter, insects get stuck there and get digested

42
Q

begonia leaf

A

chloroplast reflects blue light, increase absorbance of green and yellow.

43
Q

human uses for leaves

A

shade, photosynthesis, food, plates, protection, spices, dyes, fibers, (hemp, agave, palm tree), oils (tea tree, lavendar, eukalyptus, orange)

44
Q

drugs

A

belladonna: atropine, scopalamine (sea sickness)
foxglove : digitalis, stimulates heart
tobacco: nicotine in roots,
marijuana: THC, CBD, oil
caffeine: insecticide, increases alertness, neuological effects, addictive to bees,

45
Q

insecticides

A

bay leaves: repels pests
neem tree: has medicinal properties in the oil, indigenous people in india know about it, and did not want westerners selling it for profit

46
Q

aesthetic

A

plant biology (38 decks)

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