Cells

Question 1

Cell shape

Answer 1

can range in size

Question 2

Immature and parenchyma

Answer 2

spherical

Question 3

mature

Answer 3

faceted then cylindrical
14 facets where it is contacting other cells

Question 4

Primary cell wall

Answer 4

• pectin (jelly)
• cellulose (polymers, most abundant on earth)
• hemicellulose (forms cross links in cellulose fibers
• glycoproteins
• plasmodesmata

Question 5

secondary cell wall

Answer 5

tougher
has everything from the primary cell wall
has lignin… celluloseand hemicellulose
strong tough waterproof wall

Question 5

the nucleus

Answer 5

• nuclear envelope ( pores control the flow of things in and out)
• nucleolus (assembled in nucleus, proteins/rna… build ribosomes)
• chromatin (in cytoplsm)
• nucleoplasm

Question 6

ER

Answer 6

rough and smooth
rough = cytoprotein synthesis
smooth = lipid secretion and packaging

Question 7

dictyosomes

Answer 7

a few different types.
stacks of disk-like membranes
similar to the structure of golgi apparatus
function is to modify glycoproteins that were assembled in ER, pack things in vesicles to send then out (can be oil or nectar)

dictyosomes are what makes flowers smell good (exporting materials)

Question 7

ribosomes

Answer 7

rna and proteins

Question 8

Plastids

Answer 8

Unique to plants, multiple types of plastids.
They are a double membrane organelle that contains chloroplasts.

Question 9

Chloroplasts

Answer 9

In plastids, scattered in cytoplasm
contains stroma, which is a liquid.
Also contains Grana, which are interconnected thylakoids. This is where photosynthesis takes place! (Surface of Grana)

Question 10

stroma

Answer 10

Inside chloroplast
contains liquid, oil droplets, starch grains, enzymes.
Where the small circular dna of chloroplasts are located, as well as their ribosomes.
One of these enzymes are RuBP carboxylase

Question 11

chromoplasts

Answer 11

chromo = color.
Can fill with carotenoids, to make the bright colors. Carrots tomatoes and peppers have many chromoplasts.
Red petals are cause by anthocyanins

Question 12

Leucoplasts

Answer 12

colorless
two types:
Amyloplasts synthesizes and store starch
Elaioplasts: synthesizes and stores oil

Question 13

Tannosomes

Answer 13

new, made from chloroplasts…
Pieces of broken thylakoid membrane forms globs called pearling, secreted through cell and injected into central vacuole. During this process become filled with tannin compounds (destroys proteins). Remain in vacuole

Question 14

microbodies

Answer 14

small spherical, single membrane bound organelle
examples are peroxisomes (makes peroxide) contains enzymes for dealing with photorespiration and chopping FA that releases peroxide.

Glyoxisomes: convert fat to carbohhydrates..
Lysosomes (which are in animal cells, NOT IN PLANTS)
Lipid, oil, wax droplets

Question 15

Vacuole parts

Answer 15

Tonoplast, cell sap

Question 16

Tonoplast in vacuole

Answer 16

Contain liquid called the cell sap. This is where pressure is maintained for osmosis.
Cell sap is slightly acidic, much like a “dumping ground”. Acid from things broken down, sugar, organic acids, proteins water soluble pigments
Ex: Black dahlia has a high concentration of anthocyanins in tonoplast s

Question 17

vacuole function

Answer 17

store cell material

Question 18

Cytoskeleton

Answer 18

Contain microtubules and micro filaments… contain a network
Microtubule: Can find them in the plasma membrane
Microfilaments: smaller, around 6 nm in diameter, involved in cytoplasmic streaming

Question 19

Interphase

Answer 19

G1… growth of Gap 1. Chromosomes are not condensed , longest, cell grows in size, transcription and translation takes place, produces materials needed for S phase
S… synthesis
G2… Growth or Gap 2…. getting ready for next cell division. Mitochondria and plastids divide and set up.. chromosomes begin to condense

Question 20

Mitosis

Answer 20

occurs in meristem tissue
1. Prophase.. no centrioles to anchor spindle fibers…
2. Metaphase… chromo line up in middle
3. Anaphase … chromo separate
4. Telophase… Microtubules called phragmoplasts (diff from spindle fibers), but from newly forming nuclei, dictyosomes involved (How are they involved)?, pectin and cellulose are directed to the the center line to build a cell wall. Fuse together to form a cell plate, which grows until the two cells are divided