Seedless vascular plants

Question 1

how are seedless vascular plants different from bryophytes

Answer 1

• have vascular tissue

Question 2

how SVP differ from seed plants

Answer 2

• have no seeds
• reproduce by spores
• flagellated sperm require water to fertilize

Question 3

SVP phylums

Answer 3

• phylum lycophyta (club mosses and quillworts)
• phylum pterophyta ( ferns, horsetails)

Question 4

phylum lycophyta

Answer 4

• club mosses and quillworts
• look like robust mosses
• have true leaves (microphylls, one vein up middle)
• common paleozoic fossils

Question 5

club mosses

Answer 5

• have vascular tissue
• sporophyte is dom
• produce spores on strobili (cone like structure specialized for making spores)

Question 6

two groups of CLUB MOSSES

Answer 6

• ground pines (lycopodium)
• spike mosses (selaginella)

Question 7

structure of club moss sporophyte

Answer 7

• threadlike stem, microphylls
• sporophylls (leaes that bear spores) scattered or in strobili
• stem = rhizome with apical meristem
• adventitious root (root tissue growing from stem)

Question 8

Club mosses sexual reproduction

Answer 8

• main plant is the sporophyte
• sporangia is located on the the sporophylls
• spores formed by meiosis in sporangia:
  lycopodium: homosporous (tetrad)
  selaginella: heterosporous (mega (F) and microspores (M))

Question 9

lycopodium vs selaginella fertilization

Answer 9

lyco:
- one large gametophyte, contains both archegonium and antheridium

selag:
- two separate gametophytes, from microspores and megaspores

Question 10

asexual reproduction club mosses

Answer 10

• fragmentation or bulbils

Question 11

Quillworts

Answer 11

• aquatic, corm (thick, wide stem), spoon shaped microphylls
• heterosporous
• no strobili

Question 12

Phylum psilotophyta

Answer 12

• whisk ferns

Question 13

Whisk ferns general characteristics

Answer 13

• main plant is the sporophyte
• no roots or leaves (conductive tissue)
• gametophytes like fern gametophytes

Question 14

whisk fern structure of sporophyte

Answer 14

• dichotomously branched stems with leaflike flaps
• stem epidermis is photosynthetic
• vascular cylinder in stem center
• rhizomes underground

Question 15

whisk fern sexual repro

Answer 15

• yellow sporangia release spores
• tiny dichotomously branched, pale gametophytes
• each gametophyte has archgonia and antheridia

Question 16

Phylum Equisetophyta

Answer 16

• horsetails, scouring rushes

Question 17

Phylum equisetophyta general info

Answer 17

• many large paleozoic fossils
• horsetails have branches, scouring rushes do not
• some group under ferns

Question 18

Phylum Equisetophyta sporophyte structure

Answer 18

• upright, ribbed, hollow stem, nodes
• silica, chlorophyll in epidermis
• two cylinders of tubes (carinal and vallecular canals)
• nodes, branches, microphylls
• arise from rhizomes with adventitious roots (root grow from stem)

Question 19

phylum equisetophyta sexual repro

Answer 19

• large strobili on stem tips (cones)
• spores have elaters
• gametophytes:
  sexes separate then together
  sperm exposively ejected

Question 20

elaters

Answer 20

spores have four bands, or elaters, which coil and uncoil in response to changes in humidity, assisting in the dispersal of the spores

Question 21

Phylum Pteridophyta

Answer 21

ferns

Question 22

phylum pteridophyta general info

Answer 22

• fronds are megaphylls (many vascular tissue)
• temperate rhizomes, tropical tree ferns
• main plant is the sporophyte

Question 23

structure fern sporophyte

Answer 23

• crozier (fiddlehead)
• fronds = petiole (leaf stalk) and pinnae (leaves)
• sporangia on underside of fronds
  sori: cluster of spores
  indusium: covering over the sori

Question 24

Phylum Pteridophyta life cycle

Answer 24

• sporophyte produce many spores through meiosis
• spores grow into gametophyte prothallus (both M and F)
• fertilization occurs in water
• large sporophyte grows from embryo