exam 2 lecture 10

Question 1

what is a sender cell

Answer 1

sends signal and generates ligand

Question 2

what is target cell

Answer 2

has receptor on it

Question 3

what dose transduce mean

Answer 3

converted to another form

Question 4

information from the environment transmits inside a cell generated what

Answer 4

a cellular response

Question 5

what is the purpose of transduction

Answer 5

coordinate metabolism, growth, development
ensure homeostasis, respond to external stimuli

Question 6

what is a signal transduction cascade

Answer 6

sequential events to transfer a signal through a series of reactions that activate intermediate molecules and to final target

Question 7

3 steps in signal transduction based on picture

Answer 7

step 1: reception-signaling molecule binds to a molecule
step2: transduction- molecule gets transduced
step 3: response- the transduced molecule activates a cellular response

Question 8

T/F signalling cascade amplifies the message by producing multiple activated molecules for every one receptor

Answer 8

True

Question 9

in the amplification signal diagram what two numbered pathways do not experience amplification

Answer 9

3 and 5

Question 10

what are the 6 modes of cell-cell communication

Answer 10

juxtacrine, endocrine, paracrine, synaptic/neurol, and autocrine

Question 11

what is juxtacrine communication

Answer 11

cell-cell contact, sender cell and target cell interacting directly-attached

Question 12

what is endocrine communication

Answer 12

sender cell generated and secretes hormone then it goes into the blood system then exits the blood vessels to be received by the receptor cell

Question 13

T/F endocrine com is a cell-cell contact

Answer 13

FALSE goes through the blood then received

Question 14

T/F there is low concentration at the receptor for endocrine

Answer 14

True is far away from sender cell, slow response and high affinity

Question 15

what is paracrine communication

Answer 15

sender cell secretes ligands for nearby target cells to get them

Question 16

T/F there is high concentration at the target cell of the paracrine

Answer 16

True sender cell close to target cell not long travel so high affinity and rapid response

Question 17

what is synaptic or neural communication

Answer 17

special form of paracrine, neuron and target close together

Question 18

T/F high concentration at receptor cell for synaptic com

Answer 18

true, close together, low affinity-rapid dissociation

Question 19

what is autocrine communication

Answer 19

sender and target are in same cell

Question 20

T/F there is high con at the target in autocrine

Answer 20

true, close since in same cell

Question 21

common ligands/first messagers

Answer 21

big-proteins, polypeptides, insulin
small-amino acids, lipids, nucleotides
other-steroids, vitamins, histamine, modified amino acids

Question 22

intracellular receptors are

Answer 22

steroids and vitamins

Question 23

process of intracellular reception

Answer 23

a lipid-soluble hormone diffused through membrane and binds to the intracellular receptor

Question 24

steroid nuclear receptors are unique why

Answer 24

the interact with DNA directly to control gene expression

Question 25

homodimers have what structure

Answer 25

zinc fingers

Question 26

integral membrane proteins has what 4 types

Answer 26

effector protein, coupling protein, enzyme activity and ion channel opening

Question 27

phosphorylation of a protein can cause what

Answer 27

a conformational change that can increase or decrease enzymatic activity and promote/disrupt protein-protein interaction

Question 28

T/F phosphorylation requires energy

Answer 28

FALSE it does not need energy to add or remove a phosphate group

Question 29

What are the 2 downstream signaling controls

Answer 29

phosphorylation and GTP-binding regulatory proteins

Question 30

what is GTP binding protein

Answer 30

Gprotein bind and hydolyzes GTP

Question 31

what proteins catalyze the exchange of GDP to GTP

Answer 31

GEFs, guanine nucleotide exchange factors

Question 32

what turns off the signal of GTP-binding proteins

Answer 32

GTP hydolysis

Question 33

what are some common ways to turn off cell receptors to terminate signaling

Answer 33

rapid re-uptake of neurotransmitters, breakdown by enzymes, reduce receptors by degradation or de/phosphorylation