Hearing

Question 1

What is sound?

Answer 1

It is the compression and rarefaction of air molecules

Question 2

Sound waves have _____(which is related to a ______ level), and ______(which is related to ______ )

Answer 2

-amplitude
- decibel
- frequency
- pitch

Question 3

When it comes to sound, a wavelength is ___ ____

Answer 3

one cycle

Question 4

What happens when there is a greater amplitude of vibration?

Answer 4

it produces larger changes in PRESSURE but no change in frequency

Question 5

What happens when there is a greater frequency of vibration?

Answer 5

the amplitude is the same as the original but the frequency is doubled

Question 6

The shorter the wavelength the _____ sound that passes by

Answer 6

more

Question 7

What is the role of the pinna/outer ear?

Answer 7

It captures, filters, and focuses on unique sound and sends it down the ear canal

Question 8

the vibrations of the tympanic membrane causes the ______ to vibrate

Answer 8

ossicles

Question 9

what are ossicles

Answer 9

The three bones located in the middle ear: Malleus, Incus, and Stapes

Question 10

The vibration of the _____ against the ____ _______ causes the fluid inside the ______ to vibrate

Answer 10

• stapes
• oval window
• cochlea

Question 11

What is sound transduction?

Answer 11

it is the conversion of sound to an equivalent electrical waveform

Question 12

The _____ __ _____ runs the length of the cochlear spiral

Answer 12

organ of corti

Question 13

What are the three components for the organ of corti?

Answer 13

• basilar membrane
• inner hair cells
• tectorial membrane

Question 14

what is the function of the inner hair cells in the organ of corti?

Answer 14

transduce sound energy into a change in membrane potential

Question 15

the vibrating fluid inside the cochlea lifts the _____ _______. This pushes the ________(______ ____) of the thinner hair cells against the ______ ______.

Answer 15

• basilar membrane
• stereocilia(little hairs)
• tectorial membrane

Question 16

stereocilia have ______ gated ion channels

Answer 16

mechanically

Question 17

What is tonotopic organization?

Answer 17

It refers to the idea that auditory regions in the brain are organized based on the frequency (or pitch) of sound

Question 18

Different regions of the basilar membrane vibrate in response to different _________ of sound.

Answer 18

frequencies

Question 19

What is place coding?

Answer 19

when the frequency of sound is coded based on the location along the basilar membrane that responded to that sound (“rippling”)

Question 20

What is temporal coding?

Answer 20

it is the frequency of a sound by how fast a neuron fires.

Question 21

When it comes to auditory pathways in the brain, intensity differences are more apparent at _______ frequencies

Answer 21

higher

Question 22

Interaural intensity difference

Answer 22

When a sound that is located to one side of us goes more directly into the ear that’s on that side

Question 23

Interaural temporal differences

Answer 23

The difference in arrival time of a sound between two ears

Question 24

Speech and music processing begin in the ______ ________ ________ and extend to other ______ areas

Answer 24

• primary auditory cortex
• cortical

Question 25

what is the electrical pathway that the information travels through in the brain?

Answer 25

1. Inferior colliculus in the midbrain
2. Medial geniculate nucleus in the thalamus
3. The auditory cortex in the parietal lobe and sylvian fissure

Question 26

What are the three primary causes of hearing loss?

Answer 26

1. Conduction deafness
2. Sensorineural deafness
3. Central deafness

Question 27

Conduction deafness

Answer 27

outer or middle ear does not conduct sound (a common form involves infusion of the ossicles)

Question 28

sensorineural deafness

Answer 28

deafness resulting to damage of the cilia hair cells. There are numerous factors that cause this but some common ones are toxins and loud sounds.

Question 29

What is the most common form of deafness?

Answer 29

sensorineural deafness

Question 30

Central deafness

Answer 30

damage to the brain regions (often due to stroke) that process sound information

Question 31

Cochlear implants can be used to help in cases of ___________ hearing loss as a means to convert some information of sound into ______ ______ that will be sent to the brain

Answer 31

• sensorineural
• neural impulses

Question 32

Broca’s Aphasia

Answer 32

• aphasia caused by lesions in the posterior region of the left frontal lobe (called Broca’s area)
• results in difficulty in language production, however, comprehension can be intact

Question 33

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 33

• aphasia caused by lesions in Wernicke’s area in the posterior portion of the superior temporal lobe of the left hemisphere (generally)
• difficulty in language comprehension, however, language production is often retained (at least in terms of fluency)

Question 34

What is amusia?

Answer 34

tonal deafness, can’t “hear” music

Question 35

In individuals with amusia, the _______ _______ is ________ in size compared to controls

Answer 35

• arcuate fasciculus
• diminished

Question 36

arcuate fasciculus

Answer 36

a bundle of axons connecting the temporal lobe with the frontal lobe

Question 37

Where does sensory transduction for sound occur?

Answer 37

In the inner hair cells in the organ of corti