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Biopsychology > Vision > Flashcards

Vision Flashcards

1
Q

Name the light sensitive protein in rods

A

Rhodopsin

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2
Q

True or False: Sensory transduction for light occurs at the front of the retina

A

FALSE

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3
Q

Low convergence leads to ____ acuity and ____ sensitivity

A
  • high
  • low
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4
Q

If you found a species with a high ration of cones to rods what would you predict about its way of life (nocturnal or diurnal)?

A

diurnal - cones are responsible for color, which is a moot point at nighttime

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5
Q

Define visible light

A

it is the range of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be detected by the human eye

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6
Q

humans can detect _____-_____nm light wavelengths

A

400-700

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7
Q

The eye controls the ______ and ______of light hitting the retina

A
  • quantity
  • focus
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8
Q

bending of the light starts with the ________

A

cornea

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9
Q

Most of the light bending in the eye is because of the _____

A

lens

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10
Q

Why does the lens have flexibility?

A

so it can bend the light so that it hits the retina

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11
Q

the shape of the lens is controlled by the _____ _____

A

ciliary muscles

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12
Q

What is the iris?

A

it is a pigmented muscle responsible for controlling the quantity of light that gets in the eye

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13
Q

The fovea is a _____ in the retina

A

divet

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14
Q

The primary cell types of the retina are:

A
  • Horizontal cells
  • Amacrine cells
  • Retinal ganglion cells
  • Photoreceptor cells (rods and cones)
  • Biploar cells
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15
Q

What is the function of the horizontal cells?

A

The mediate lateral communication within the retina

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16
Q

Light has to go through the _____ in order to experience transduction

A

retina

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17
Q

sensory transduction occurs in the _____ and _____

A

rods and cones

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18
Q

What type of retinal cell is the first cell to fire an action potential

A

retinal ganglion cells

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19
Q

A protein found in rods that acts as a G-protein coupled receptor for lightis called ___________.

A

Rhodopsin

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20
Q

In a depolarized state, the electrical potential sits at ____mV

A

-35mV

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21
Q

Which neurotransmitter is released during sensory trandsuction?

A

glutamate

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22
Q

Rod Photoreceptors

A
  • only one opsin
  • more sensitive than cones
  • lower acuity than cones
  • lots of convergence (many rods talk to ganglion cells)
  • Part of the scotopic system
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23
Q

Cone photoreceptors

A
  • 3 types
  • 3 opsins, therefore different responses to different wavelengths of light
  • Low sensitivity
  • High acuity
  • Little/no convergence
  • part of the photopic system
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24
Q

Fovea

A
  • The fovea is the section of the retina with the highest visual acuity
  • Highest density of cone receptors
  • little convergence
  • obstruction is reduced
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25
Q

Light has direct access to the fovea because of its _____

A

divet

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26
Q

Where is the blind spot located?

A

At the optic where the optic nerve is

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27
Q

Humans are a _____ species

A

binocular

28
Q

Ipsilateral means ____ side while contralateral means _____ side

A
  • same
  • opposite
29
Q

Information from the left visual field goes to the _____ side of the brain, while information from the right visual field goes to the _____ side of the brain.

A
  • right
  • left
30
Q

In species with binocular vision, vision in the L eye does not have _____ visual field and vision in the R eye does not have ____ visual field.

A
  • left
  • right
31
Q

Information from the retina is projected to the primary visual cortex (V1) in a __________ fashion.

A

topographic (three-dimensional arrangement of physical attributes)

32
Q

Where in the brain does the crossover of visual neural information happen?

A

The optic chiasm

33
Q

Inside the brain, RGC’s target the _____ _____ _____ inside the ______. From here, the information travels to the _____ _____, and then to the _____ _____ ______.

A
  • lateral geniculate nucleus
  • thalamus
  • superior colliculus
  • primary visual cortex
34
Q

When it comes to vision, what is the function of the superior colliculus?

A

It is responsible for eye attention movements

35
Q

When it comes to vision, what is the function of the lateral geniculate nucleus?

A

It is responsible for visual perception

36
Q

When it comes to vision, what is the function of the primary visual cortex?

A

is the primary cortical region of the brain that receives, integrates, and processes visual information relayed from the retinas.

37
Q

What does the receptive field of a sensory cell refer to?

A

It refers to the stimulus region and features that excite or inhibit the cell.

38
Q

When it comes to the receptive field, you have to be measuring activity while activating _____, and where that activity occurs is the _______ ________.

A
  • stimulus
  • receptive field
39
Q

Receptive fields of RGC’s and BPC’s

A
  • are circular
  • have concentric (entre/surround) organization where:
    • Stimulus in center = excitation of RGC & BPC
    • Stimulus in surround = inhibition of RGC & BPC
40
Q

With low convergence you have ______ acuity, while with high convergence you have _____ acuity

A

-high
- low

41
Q

Acuity looks at _____ light, while sensitivity looks at ______ light

A
  • bright
  • dim
42
Q

When it comes to light, rods require ______, while cones require _____.

A
  • sensitivity
  • acuity
43
Q

What is lateral inhibition

A

it is where a stimulus in the outer portion of the receptive field inhibits the response of the bipolar cell

44
Q

The lateral inhibition is mediated by ______ ______.

A

horizontal cells

45
Q

Why would concentric receptive fields be advantageous?

A

Because it makes RGC’s (which talk to the brain) most responsive to areas of contrast (edges)

46
Q

The way in which the receptive fields of retina cells are organized causes retinal cells to be more responsive to ____ and ______. This is the first step in our ability to detect _____.

A
  • edges
  • boundaries
  • shapes
47
Q

In the primary visual cortex (V1), little ____ of light doesn’t excite cells. Instead, _____ of light of particular origin activates V1 neurons. More specifically, this cell only responds to a _____ ______. This is how we start to perceive ______ and ______.

A
  • dots
  • lines
  • vertical stripe
  • shapes
  • edges
48
Q

As visual information moves beyond V1 characteristics, _____, _____ and ________ are processed

A
  • shape
  • color
  • movement
49
Q

Dorsal stream vs ventral stream

A

Dorsal ‘where’ stream
- aka how to respond stream
- vision for movement, location

Ventral ‘what’ stream
- vision for recognition (objects, faces)

50
Q

In the first stage of colour vision, information regarding the wavelength of light is collected by the different ______ _________.

A

cone photoreceptors

51
Q

What are the 3 different types of cone receptors?

A
  • S cones
  • M cones
  • L cones
52
Q

What is trichromatic theory?

A
  • aka colour theory
  • human eye has three types of receptors
  • each receptor is maximally sensitive to a different wavelength
  • When used simultaneously, the eye is able to register any colour.
53
Q

S cones respond to ______ wavelength, M cones respond to _____ wavelength, and L cones respond to _____ wavelengths.

A
  • short
  • medium
  • long
54
Q

What is dichromatic vision?

A

aka color blindness, it is when someone lacks of the functional copy of the gene that codes for the photopigment in the M cones.

55
Q

Why are men more susceptible to colour blindness?

A

Because it affects the gene located on the X chromosome, therefore it is more likely for XY males to lack a functional copy of the gene than XX females.

56
Q

Why is the trichromatic theory not sufficient enough to account for our experience with colour?

A

Because the wavelength of light does not always equate with our perception of colour

57
Q

What is the opponent process theory?

A

It is the theory that believes that the visual system has mechanisms that respond to colours in terms of opposites: some receptor cells might be stimulated by red but inhibited by green, yellow to blue, and white to black.

58
Q

The observation that some RGC’s, LGN neurons and cortical neurons are excited by one band of wavelengths and inhibited by another supports the _______-_______ theory. These cells are called _____ ______ cells.

A
  • opponent-process
  • spectrally opponent
59
Q

The processing of different wavelengths of light that occurs within the _______ and the _____ makes up the first and second stages of colour vision. The remaining stages of colour vision occur in the _____ - in particular area _____ is critical to our perception of colour.

A
  • retina
  • LGN
  • cortex
  • V4
60
Q

Colour constancy

A

refers to the fact that a given object appears to be the same colour in vastly different light environments (eg. the gold/white dress or black/blue dress that went viral).

61
Q

colour constancy is a function of the _____

A

cortex

62
Q

What is cerebral achromatopsia?

A

It is an acquired disorder that can occur when there is damage to the V4, resulting in loss of colour vision

63
Q

wavelength detects _____ while wave height (amplitude) detects ______

A
  • hue
  • brightness
64
Q

short wavelengths with high amplitude register _____ colours, while long wavelengths with low amplitude register as ____ colours.

A
  • blue
  • red
65
Q

more intensity in a given light wave results in more:

A

brighter colours

66
Q
A

Biopsychology (10 decks)

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