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Michaelmas 5th year > Pig cardiovascular > Flashcards

Pig cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What type of anaemia do piglets get without supplementation

A

microcytic hypochromic anaemia

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2
Q

Clinical signs of iron deficiency anaemia in pigs

A

pale, weak, hairy, slow growing pigs + dyspnoea, lethargy, palpable thrill heart murmur and progression to death

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3
Q

How much iron per day do piglets need and what is supplied in the milk

A

Need 15mg/day
ONly get 1mg/day in milk

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4
Q

What is the aetiology of vitamin E/Se deficiency in pigs

A

Mulberry heart disease
Oxygen free radical damage; may be due to absolute VitE/Se deficiency or relative due to high oxidised fat in diets or high iron

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5
Q

Clinical signs of vit E/Se deficiency

A

sudden death, pigs in acute cardiogenic shock; often in fastest growing pigs as more demand for O2 in tissues

PAthology: may show hepatic rupture, bloody fluid in pericardium, fibrin

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6
Q

What things can cause bleeding due to poor clotting

A

Insufficiency vitamin K
Warfarin poisoning
anticoagulants in bedding
Vit C deficiency may be implicated

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7
Q

CLinical signs of warfarin poisoning

A

weakness, pallor, recumbency, haematoma, death
+ history of access to rodenticides

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8
Q

Clinical signs of neonates with vitamin K deficiency

A

weakness, pallor, death, bleeding from umbilicus

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9
Q

How can we avoid risk of VitK deficiency and umbilical bleeding affecting piglets

A

Supplement sows with VitK/C on entrance to farrowing house
If there is a history of the issue can clamp cords

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10
Q

Two main primary bacteria causing endocarditis

A

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
Strep suis

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11
Q

How does endocarditis work; pathology

A

Bacteria colonise AV valve and develop vegetative lesions causing dysfunctin
Leads to intermittent bacteraemia which can cause pyaemia and food safety issues

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12
Q

Typical secondary bacteria involves in endocarditis (in the UK)

A

T pyogenes

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13
Q

3 forms of erysipelas

A

Per-acute = found dead with end-stage sudden septicaemia
Acute = high fever, diamond lesions; either die from septicaemia or progress to chronic signs
Chronic = congestive heart failure from endocarditis, lameness due to arthritis

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14
Q

Treatment of erysipelas

A

Penicillin + NSAIDs
Worse prognosis for chronic disease

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15
Q

Haemolytic anamia of neonatal pigs aetioloty

A

Antibodies in sow colostrum against piglet RBC antigens cause RBC destruction
–> Generally in multiparous sows repeatedly bred to same boar

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16
Q

Clinical signs of haemolytic anaemic of neonates

A

anaemia, weakness, jaundice esp in bigger piglets at ~3 days old

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17
Q

Diagnosis of haemolytic anaemia of neonatal pigs

A

normocytic, normochromic anaemia with increased reticulocytes, increased bilirubin
+ positive Coombs test

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18
Q

Dealing with haemolyic anaemic of neonates

A

Cross-foster piglets
May do intra-peritoneal blood transfusion into very affected pigs
- Assess sow or boar effect and breed away from this

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19
Q

What is thrombocytopaenic purpura

A

Where sow colostrum contains antibodies against pig platelets and megakaryocytes so get petechial and ecchymotic haemorrhages, melaena, pallor

Best piglets develop it first

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20
Q

Diagnosis of thrombocytopaenic purpura in piglets

A

anaemia with increased reticulocytes and absence of platelets, bone marrow histology shows absence of megakaryocytes

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21
Q

Which sows do we tend to cross foster piglets suffering thrombocytopaenic purpura onto

A

Low parity sows; because this is a high parity sow effect as it takes time to develop antibodies against these antigens

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22
Q

What type of disease is procine dermatitis nephropathy syndrome

A

= immune-complex-mediated necrotising vasculitis
 Type III hypersensitivity

Associated with PCV2 related immune dysfunction

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23
Q

Clinical signs of porcine dermatitis nephropathy syndrome

A

Necrotic skin lesions in inguinal region, flanks, legs =ventrocaudal skin lesinos
Fever
Reluctance to stand
= sporadic cases in finisher pigs

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24
Q

What are we differentiation procine dermatitis nephropathy syndrome from (notifiable)

A

Classical swine fever

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25
Q

What causes lymphosarcoma in pigs

A

May be viral
Tends to be random i.e no boar or sow effect

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26
Q

What causes mycotoxicosis

A

Toxins produced by fungi growing on cereals or feed e.g aspergillus makes aflatoxin, fusarium, penicillium

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27
Q

Clinical signs of mycotoxicosis

+ which do what

A

Damage to liver, immune system, some system specific effects
Low feed conversino

Zearaone = oestrogenic
Ergotamine = vasoconstrictive; get extrimity ischaemia

28
Q

When do we tend to see cases of clostridium novyi infection

A

In older sows after farrowing due to not moving much which can generate hypoxia in the liver

May be seen in fatteners with chronic respiratory disease

29
Q

Which clostridia cause issues in the liver

A

C novyi A and B
Spores and ubiquitous; and are ingested
Then sit in the liver and gut and activate after hypoxic challenge

30
Q

Clinical signs and lesions with clostridium novyi infection

A

Found dead often
Aero liver that crackes with air, rapid autolysis of caracase, serofibrinous fluid in cavities

31
Q

Which leptospira serovars cause disease in the UK

A

L Bratislava, L Canicola, L Icterohaemorrhagiae

32
Q

Aetoilogy of leptospirosis in pigs

A

Exposure is from urine of infected pigs/rodents/dogs etc
- Entry via MMs, abrasians or venerally
- Initially get a septicaemia which seeds into kidney for long term infection

33
Q

How does subclinical leptospirosis present

A

REproductive disease; 3rd trimester abortions, low viability

34
Q

How does acute infection with leptospirosis present

A

ever and lethargy, diarrhoea, haemoglobinuria, jaundice, neuro signs and death

35
Q

Treatment of leptospirosis; individuals vs group

A

Individiuals: dihydrostreptomycin
Group: tetracyclines

Vaccination

36
Q

4 primary presentations of porcine circoviral disease and which is most common

A

Systemic disease = MOST COMMON
Dermatitis nephropathy syndrome
Reproductive disease
Enteric disaese

37
Q

How can PCV2 be important in PRDC

A

= secondary or underlying agent in this due to immune dysregulation driving disease
–> Coughing, dyspnoea, lethargy, reduced growth

38
Q

Signs of PCV2 systemic disease

A
  • Post-weaning mortality, wasting, enlarged LNs, anaemia, enteritis, hepatitis, pulmonary change
39
Q

Signs of PCV2 dermatitis nephropathy syndrome

A
  • Ventrocaudal skin lesions; low morbidity, type III hypersensitivity dermonecrosis, generalised lymphadenopathy and oedema in severe cases
40
Q

Diagnosis of PCV systemic disease (also known as PMWS)

A

Increased herd post-weaning mortality
Rapid weight loss in 10-20 week pigs, dyspnoea, pallor, jaundice, large LNs
Emaciation

Histopath: lymphocyte depletion in lymphoid tissue and histiocytic infiltrate
- Macrophaegs show high levels of PCV2 antigen

41
Q

What is the main risk factor for PCV2

A

Failure to vaccinate

42
Q

Rules on movement of pigs

A

PIgs must be identified when moved if >12 months; slap mark, tag, tattoo
- If <12 months and NOT going to slaughter can use temporary spray mark

No movement off a farm for 20 days after arrival unless going to slaughter

43
Q

Notifiable bacterial disease in pigs present in the UK

A

Anthrax
Bovine TB

44
Q

What is the more common cause of tuberculosis in pigs

A

M avium (very rare to be M bovis)

45
Q

Clinical signs of TB in pigs

A
  • ABscessation of guts, pharngeal LNs enlarged with yellow caseous material, miliary infection and emaciation
46
Q

How can we diagnose TB in a pig

A

Acid fast stain on impression smear; culture, PCR

47
Q

How does anthrax present in pigs

A

With pharygeal swelling

> Clinical signs = pharyngeal - swelling, skin necrsis, stertor, fever, death

+ gut related: fever, inappretance, bloody faeces
+ septicaemic; congestion, kidney petechiation, splenic infarcts

48
Q

What epidemiological factor is anthrax in pigs assocaited with

A

Swill feeding

49
Q

What governs dealing with anthrax

A

Anthrax control order 1991

50
Q

What bacteria causes anthrax and what type is it

A

toxigenic spore forming gram -ve bacillus anthracis

51
Q

What type of pathogen causes classical swine fever

A

Enveloped RNA pestivirus (flavivirus)
Stable in environment for weeks, frozen for years

52
Q

Clinical signs of classical swine fever

A

Fever, high mortality, characteristic haemorrhagic lesions

Related to attach of endothelial cells; vasculitis
- High fever, inappetance, dpression, constipation, skin erythema, neuro signs, diarrhoea etc

53
Q

What does chronic classic swine fever presentation look like

A

Wasting, congenital tremor, poor reproductive performance

54
Q

Pathological lesions in classical swine fever

A

HAemorrhagic lymphadenomathy; strawberry lymph nodes
Viral vasculitis means petechiaion/ecchymosis in skin/kidney, splenic infarcts, button ulcers on skin epithelium

Cerebellar hypoplasia = cause of congenital tremor

55
Q

Control policy for classical swine fever

A

 Slaughter of all affected and in contact pigs; disposal, cleaning and disinfection, resting, sentinel repopulation
i) 3km exclusion zone: no movements; welfare culling, aggressive culling
ii) 10km surveillance zone: testing, can go to slaughter only

56
Q

IS African swine fever present in the UK

A

NO
But probably will come at some time

57
Q

What type of virus causes african swine fever

A

DNA iridocirus (asfarviridae)
Highly resistance
Naturally cycles between warthogs and ticks

58
Q

HOw does African swine fever virus work

A

Infection of URT and gut: primary viraemia with infection of endothelium and lymphoid cells  vasculitis and immune complex mediated disease

59
Q

Acute signs of African swine fever

A

hypothermia, anorexia, huddling, incoordination, conjunctivitis, nasal discharge, dyspnoea, coughing, skin discolouration, mortality, abortion

Lesions = severe haemorrhage, notable haemorrhagic ulceration of the gut

60
Q

What type of virus causes FMD

A

DNA aphthovirus
picornavirus

61
Q

Clinical signs of FMD infection

A

sudden onset widespread lameness and fever in all age groups
vesicles on coronary band, snout, gums, tongue

62
Q

Which FMD lesions heal fastest vs slowest

A

Mouth and tongue heal very fast
Coronary band take >7 days

63
Q

How is FMD diagnosed

A

PCR detection on vesicle samples

64
Q

What is swine vesicular disease

A

Enterovirus that causes clinical signs similar to FMD

65
Q

What would lungs from PCV2 infected animal look like

A

Non-collapsed oedematous lungs; = viral interstitial pneumonia

66
Q
A

Michaelmas 5th year (41 decks)

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