Kneanatomi

Question 1

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Answer 1

Skeleton of the lower limb. Right lower limb, anterior view, foot in maximum plantar flexion The skeleton of the lower limb consists of the pelvic girdle (cingulum pelvicum/cingulum membri inferioris), formed by the paired hip bones (ossa coxae), connected at the hip joint to the free limb, (pars libera membri inferioris) consisting of the thigh (femur), the leg (crus, with tibia and fibula), and the foot (pes).

Question 2

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Answer 2

Skeleton of the lower limb. Right lower limb, posterior view, foot in maximum plantar flexion The skeleton of the lower limb consists of the pelvic girdle (cingulum pelvicum/cingulum membri inferioris), formed by the paired hip bones (ossa coxae), connected at the hip joint to the free limb, (pars libera membri inferioris) consisting of the thigh (femur), the leg (crus, with tibia and fibula), and the foot (pes).

Question 3

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Answer 3

Question 4

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Answer 4

Palpable bony prominences of the right lower limb. Posterior view.

Question 5

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Answer 5

Location of the patella. Right knee joint, lateral view.

Question 6

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Answer 6

Right patella. Anterior view. Note that the apex of the patella points downward.

Question 7

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Answer 7

Right patella. Posterior view. Note that the apex of the patella points downward.

Question 8

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Answer 8

Right patella. Distal view. Note that the apex of the patella points downward.

Question 9

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Answer 9

The right knee joint (art. genus). Anterior view.

Question 10

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Answer 10

The right knee joint (art. genus). Posterior view.

Question 11

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Answer 11

The femoropatellar joint (art. femoropatellaris). Transverse section at the level of the joint, right knee joint in slight flexion, distal view. Drawn from a specimen in the Anatomical Collection of Kiel University.

Question 12

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Answer 12

The capsule, ligaments, and periarticular bursae of the popliteal fossa. (fossa poplitea). Right knee, posterior view.

Question 13

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Answer 13

The anterior and lateral capsule and ligaments of the right knee joint. Anterior view.

Question 14

Hvilke ekstrinsiske ligamenter ligger på framsiden av kneet?

Answer 14

Question 15

Hvilke ekstrinsiske ligamenter ligger på medial og lateralsiden av kneet?

Answer 15

Question 16

Hvilke ekstrinsiske ligamenter ligger på baksiden av kneet?

Answer 16

Question 17

Hvilke intrinsiske ligamenter har man i kneet?

Answer 17

Question 18

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Answer 18

The cruciate ligaments of the right knee joint. Anterior view. The lig. patellae has been reflected downward with the attached patella.

Question 19

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Answer 19

The cruciate ligaments of the right knee joint. Posterior view.

Question 20

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Answer 20

The collateral ligaments and lig.patellae of the right knee joint. Medial view.

Question 21

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Answer 21

The collateral ligaments and lig.patellae of the right knee joint. Lateral view.

Question 22

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Answer 22

Shape and attachments of the medial and lateral menisci of the knee joint Right tibial plateau, proximal view with the ligg. cruciata (cruciate ligaments) and ligg. collateralia (collateral ligaments) divided and the femur removed.

Question 23

Hvordan er blodforsyningen til menisken i kneet?

Answer 23

Blood supply to the menisci. Coronal section through the femorotibial joint. The fibrous portions of the menisci located adjacent to the capsula articularis have a rich blood supply. The more central portions of the menisci, composed of fibrocartilage, are avascular and are nourished entirely by synovial fluid (blue arrows).

Question 24

Hvordan er strukturen av menisken?

Answer 24

Structure of the meniscus (after Petersen and Tillmann). The meniscus has a wedge-shaped cross section. The base of the wedge-shaped cross section (right) is directed toward the periphery and attached to the joint capsule. The lower surface facing the tibial plateau is flat, while the upper surface facing the femoral condyles is concave.

Question 25

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Answer 25

Coronal section through the femorotibial joint. Right knee, anterior view.

Question 26

Hvordan beveger menisken seg ved ekstensjon/fleksjon av kneet?

Answer 26

Movements of the menisci during extension of the knee (t.v). a) Right knee joint, lateral view, in extension; c) right tibial plateau, proximal view, in extension. Movements of the menisci during flexion of the knee (t.h). b) Right knee joint, lateral view, in flexion; d) right tibial plateau, proximal view, in flexion.

Question 27

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Answer 27

The right knee joint in flexion. Anterior view with the joint capsule and patella removed.

Question 28

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Answer 28

The right knee with the joint capsule opened (capsula articularis). The patella has been reflected downward.

Question 29

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Answer 29

Extent of the joint cavity (cavitas articularis). Right knee joint, lateral view.

Question 30

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Answer 30

Structure of the articular capsule. Right knee after removal of femur with articular capsule and ligaments severed, superior view.

Question 31

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Answer 31

Mid-sagittal section through the right knee joint (art. genus). Drawn from a specimen in the Anatomical Collection of Kiel University.

Question 32

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Answer 32

Sagittal T1-weighted MRI of the knee joint. At the level of the outer meniscus.

Question 33

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Answer 33

Sagittal T1-weighted MRI of the knee joint. At the level of the cruciate ligaments.

Question 34

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Answer 34

Axial T2-weighted proton density fat saturation (PDFS) MRI of the knee joint.

Question 35

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Answer 35

Coronal T2-weighted proton density fat saturation (PDFS) MRI of the knee joint.

Question 36

Hvilke muskler medvirker til å flektere kneleddet?

Answer 36

Question 37

Hvilke muskler er med på å ekstendere kneleddet?

Answer 37

Question 38

Hvilke muskler innadroterer kneleddet?

Answer 38

Question 39

Hvilke muskler utadroterer kneleddet?

Answer 39

Question 40

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Answer 40

The arteries of the popliteal fossa and leg. Right leg, posterior view.

Question 41

Hvilke forgreininger har a.poplitea?

Answer 41

Question 42

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Answer 42

Arteries of the lower limb. Right leg, posterior view. The different arterial segments are shown in different colors.

Question 43

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Answer 43

The deep and superficial veins of the right lower limb. Leg, posterior view. For clarity, only the most important veins are demonstrated here.

Question 44

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Answer 44

Superficial (epifascial) veins of the right lower limb. Thigh, leg, and dorsum of the foot, anterior view.

Question 45

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Answer 45

Superficial (epifascial) veins of the right lower limb. Leg, posterior view.

Question 46

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Answer 46

Clinically important perforating veins: Dodd, Boyd, and Cockett veins. Right leg, medial view.

Question 47

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Answer 47

The superficial lymphatic system of the right lower limb. Anterior view. The arrows indicate the main directions of lymphatic drainage.

Question 48

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Answer 48

The superficial lymphatic system of the right lower limb- Posterior view. The arrows indicate the main directions of lymphatic drainage.

Question 49

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Answer 49

The lymph nodes and drainage pathways in the lower limb. Right limb, anterior view. The arrows indicate the main directions of lymph flow in the superficial and deep lymphatic systems.

Question 50

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Answer 50

The deep lymph nodes of the popliteal region (regio genus posterior). The fossa poplitea of the right leg, posterior view.

Question 51

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Answer 51

Topography of the plexus lumbosacralis. Right lower limb, lateral view.

Question 52

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Answer 52

Course of the n. obturatorius. The regio inguinales and thigh, anterior view.

Question 53

Hvilken sensorisk innervasjon har n.obturatorius?

Answer 53

Sensory distribution of the n. obturatorius. Right leg, medial view.

Question 54

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Answer 54

Course of the n. femoralis. The right regio inguinalis and thigh, anterior view.

Question 55

Hvilken sensorisk innervasjon har n.femoralis?

Answer 55

Sensory distribution of the n. femoralis. Right leg, anterior view.

Question 56

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Answer 56

Course and motor distribution of the fibular part (n. fibularis (peroneus) communis) of the n. ischiadicus: common fibular nerve. Right lower limb, lateral view.

Question 57

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Answer 57

Course and motor distribution of the tibial part of the n. ischiadicus: tibial nerve (n. tibialis). Right lower limb, posterior view.

Question 58

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Answer 58

Surface anatomy of the right lower limb. Anterior view.

Question 59

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Answer 59

Superficial cutaneous veins and nerves of the right lower limb. Anterior view.

Question 60

Hvordan er dermatomene på foten og kneet (anteriort)?

Answer 60

Radicular (segmental) cutaneous innervation pattern (dermatomes) in the right lower limb. Anterior view.

Question 61

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Answer 61

Peripheral sensory cutaneous innervation pattern in the right lower limb. Anterior view.

Question 62

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Answer 62

Surface anatomy of the right lower limb. Posterior view, foot in plantar flexion.

Question 63

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Answer 63

The superficial (epifascial) cutaneous veins and nerves of the right lower limb. Posterior view.

Question 64

Hvordan er dermatomene på foten og kneet (posteriort)?

Answer 64

Radicular (segmental) cutaneous innervation pattern (dermatomes) of the right lower limb. Posterior view, foot in plantar flexion.

Question 65

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Answer 65

Peripheral sensory cutaneous innervation pattern in the right lower limb. Posterior view, foot in plantar flexion.

Question 66

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Answer 66

The vessels and nerves of the posterior thigh. Right thigh, posterior view. The skin and muscle fasciae have been removed, and the following muscles have been partially removed: mm. glutei maximus, medius, and biceps femoris. The m. semimembranosus has been retracted slightly medially.

Question 67

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Answer 67

The muscular boundaries of the fossa poplitea. Right fossa poplitea, posterior view. For clarity the skin, fasciae, and fat pads have been removed.

Question 68

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Answer 68

Branches of the popliteal artery in the popliteal fossa. Right knee joint, posterior view.

Question 69

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Answer 69

Deep neurovascular structures in the fossa poplitea. Right knee joint, posterior view. Portions of both heads of the m. gastrocnemius and portions of the hamstrings have been removed.

Question 70

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Answer 70

The neurovascular structures in the superficial compartment of the leg. Right leg, posterior view. The superficial layer of the fascia of the leg has been partially removed proximally.

Question 71

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Answer 71

The neurovascular structures of the deep posterior compartment of the leg. Right leg, posterior view. The triceps surae and the deep layer of the fascia of the leg have been partially removed.

Question 72

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Answer 72

The arteries of the leg. Posterior view.

Question 73

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Answer 73

The neurovascular structures of the anterior compartment of the leg and the dorsum of the foot. Right leg with the foot in plantar flexion, anterior view. The skin, subcutaneous tissue, and fasciae have been removed and the mm. tibialis anterior and extensor hallucis longus have been retracted.

Question 74

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Answer 74

Division of the n. fibularis communis into the nn. fibulares profundus and superficialis. Right leg, lateral view. The origins of the mm. fibularis longus and extensor digitorum longus have been excised below the caput fibulae and the condylus lateralis tibiae.