Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biochemistry > Carbohydrates Lec > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Lec Flashcards

1
Q

Characterized as either monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides

A

carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

biomolecules that are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the ratio of 1:2:1 (CH2O)

A

carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

building blocks (monomers) of all carbohydrates

A

monosaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

examples of monosaccharides

A

glucose
fructose
galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

most abundant monosaccharide, water soluble, and easily transported through an organism (

A

glucose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

found in fruits and plants

A

fructose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

sugar found in milk

A

galactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

formed when monosaccharides are joined together through dehydration reactions forming glycosidic linkages

A

disaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

made up of two glucose molecule, malt sugar

A

maltose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

glucose and fructose, table sugar),

A

sucrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

made up of glucose and galactose, milk sugar

A

lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

formed when glucose monomers link together to form long chains

A

polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Include starch, cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycan

A

polysaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

most abundant polysaccharide (straight chain polymer of glucose, but configuration is different

A

cellulose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

structure polysaccharide found in insects and crustaceans

A

chitin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

found in cell walls of bacteria

A

peptidoglycan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

major class of biomolecules that is literally formed by hydration of carbon atoms, Cn-(H2O)n.

A

carbohydrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

polyhydroxy aldoses or ketoses which can be represented by the planar Fischer projection

A

monosaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

structure where carbohydrates exist biologically

A

haworth structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

cyclic structure due to the intramolecular reaction between the carbonyl carbon and hydroxyl group of the reference carbon

A

hemiacetal or hemiketal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

five-membered cyclic ether

A

furan

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

six-membered cyclic ether

A

pyran

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

three-carbon monosaccharide

A

triose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

carbohydrates with two sugar units that are linked by an O-glycosidic bond that is formed by condensation of two hydroxyl (-OH) groups into an ether bond

A

disaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

carbohydrates with two sugar units that are linked by an O-glycosidic bond that is formed by condensation of two hydroxyl (-OH) groups into an ether bond

A

disaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

those with free hydroxyl group (-OH) on the anomeric center

A

reducing disaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

have no free hydroxyl group in their anomeric cente

A

nonreducing disaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

draw lactose and its systematic name

galactose and glucose (1-4)

A

+1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

draw sucrose

a-glucose
b-fructose (1->2)

A

+1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

made up of numerous sugar units usually in the hundreds and even thousands

A

polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

include starch and glycogen, which serve as energy reserves of living organisms

function of polysaccharides?

A

storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

penultimate storage form of glucose in plants and is made up of two distinct macromolecules called α-amylose and amylopectin

A

starch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

strach is made up of

A

a-amlyose
amylopectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

has linear chain of glucose subunits that are connected by α(1->4) O-glycosidic bond

A

a-amylose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

same linear glucose chain base as in α-amylose but has a α(1->6) glucose branch for every 24-30 glucose residues

A

amylopectin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

storage form of glucose in animals and humans which has a similar structure to amylopectin except that the
α(1->6) branching occurs more frequently at around 8-12 glucose residues

A

glycogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

identify the structures in amylose, amylopectin, and glyocen

A

+1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

two beta glucose unit disaccharide

A

cellobiose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

beta-galactose and alpha-glucose

A

lactose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

alpha-glucose and beta-fructose

A

sucrose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

3 to 10 saccharide units

A

oligosaccharide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

considerably reactive in carbohydrates

what groups

A

carbonyl
hydroxyl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

type of reaction where aldehydes and alcohols are turned to carboxylic acids

A

oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what is benedict’s solution

A

CuSO4 in NaOH (copper sulfate in sodium hydroxide)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what is tollen’s reagent

A

AgNO3 in NH3
(silver nitrate in ammonia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

product when weak oxidizing agent like (Br2 in H2O, CuSO4 in NaOH, and AgNO3 in NH3) oxidize the aldehyde group

A

aldonic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

aldonic acid is produced when the aldehyde is oxidized using what reagents

A

Br2 in H2O (bromide in water)
CUSO4 in NaOH (copper sulfate in sodium hydroxide)
AgNO3 in NH3 (silver nitrate in ammonia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

product when the enzymatic oxidation of the terminal alcohol of monosaccharide

A

alduronic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

enzyme that can turn into alduronic acid

A

oxidase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

bayer’s reagent is made up of

A

Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

product when strong oxidizing agents like HNO3 or KMnO4 oxidize both aldehyde and terminal alcohol groups

A

Aldaric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

another strong oxidizing agent other than KMnO4

A

nitric acid (HNO3)

53
Q

label the oxidation reactions in carbohydrates (two pictures)

A

+1

54
Q

oxidation reactions usually produce this effect in a solution

A

color change

55
Q

bluish solution that forms rust-colored precipitates which is cuprous oxide (Cu2O), and is used in detecting and quantifying glucose in the urine of diabetics

A

Benedict’s solution

56
Q

greenish yellow means how many percent of glucose

A

0.5%

57
Q

reddish-orange concentraion means what percent of glucose

A

2%

58
Q

forms silver mirror on the walls of the test tube

A

tollen’s reagent

59
Q

sugars that give positive reaction to weak oxidizing agent

A

reducing sugars

60
Q

deep in purple fades upon reaction to give brown manganese dioxide (MnO2) precipitates

A

bayer’s reagent

61
Q

reaction where the carbonyl functionality is reducible to an alcohol using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) or lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) resulting to the formation of alditol

A

reduction

62
Q

reagent used in reduction of carbohydrate (2)

A

sodium borohydride (NaBH4)
lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4)

63
Q

alcohol formed when carbohydrate is reduced

A

alditol

64
Q

label the reduction of glucose

A

+1

65
Q

when the hydroxyl group is reduced to an alkane, forming this

A

deoxy sugar

66
Q

important deoxy sugar that is the sugar component of the DNA backbone

A

2-deoxy-D-ribose

67
Q

label the formation of deoxy sugar when OH group is reduced to an alkane

A

+1

68
Q

reaction where 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNP) reacts with C1 and C2 functional groups of monosaccharides to form an osazone

A

osazone formation

69
Q

what does 2,4-DNP mean

A

dinitrophenylhydrazine

70
Q

what carbon does 2,4-DNP react with

A

C1 and C2

71
Q

used as a general test for sugars or carbonyl compounds

A

osazone formation

72
Q

label the osazone formation

A

+1

73
Q

reaction where the amino group of glutamate can be transferred to hydroxyl groups of sugar to form an amino sugar by transferase

A

amination

74
Q

formed when the amine is condensed with acetyl group by the action of
acetyltransferase

A

n-acetyl amino sugar

75
Q

phosphate and sulfur groups can be attached to hydroxyl groups of sugar by kinase and sulfate transferase enzymes, respectively

A

phosphorylation and sulfonation

76
Q

label the amination

A

+1

77
Q

what reagent for amination

A

NH3

78
Q

what reagent for formation of amino sugar

A

CH3COOH

79
Q

Adds a large negative charge that makes the sugar more polar

A

phosphorylation and sulfonation

80
Q

is used in trapping sugars inside the cell since charged molecule can not pass through the nonpolar cell membrane, activates the sugar by placing it in a high energy state

A

phosphorylation

81
Q

usually found on the cell’s surface to prevent their clumping in the case erythrocytes

what kind of sugar

A

sulfated sugar

82
Q

attracts water like in hyaluronic acid that forms the synovial fluid of the joints and vitreous humour
of the eyes

A

hygroscopic groups

83
Q

label phosphorylation and sulfonation

A

+1

84
Q

lines the small intestine, codes for the gene that produces lactase

A

enterocyte

85
Q

review ppt slides

A

+1 every round

86
Q

draw carbohydrate aldoses structure

A

+1

87
Q

draw carbohydrate ketoses

A

+1

88
Q

extracted from plants as in sugar cane and sugar beet processed to be marketed as common table sugar

A

sucrose

89
Q

Used as a sweetening agent in food and beverages

A

sucrose

90
Q

produced naturally and is present in the milk of mammals including humans

A

lactose

91
Q

commercially used as a sweetener, used in pastries

A

maltose

92
Q

composed of 3-10 monosaccharide units

A

oligosaccharide

93
Q

➢Occur as storage or transport carbohydrate in plants
➢Example include raffinose

A

oligosaccharide

94
Q

long chains of carbohydrate molecules that is composed of several monosaccharides

A

polysaccharide

95
Q

contain only one single monomeric unit

A

homopolysaccharide

96
Q

➢Storage: starch and glycogen
➢Structural: cellulose and chitin’

what kind of polysaccharide

A

homopolysaccharide

97
Q

contains 2 or more monomeric unit
➢Functions in extracellular support

A

heteropolysaccahride

98
Q

structural polysaccharide that contains nitrogen
➢Β-1,4-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine
➢Major constituent of the cell wall of fungi, insect exoskeletons, and crustacean shells

A

chitin

99
Q

B-1,4 glycosidic bonds that makes it suitable for compaction into fibers that are stabilized by H-bonds

A

cellulose

100
Q

➢Combined with gums and pectin
➢Can be digested by ruminants (cows, goats, and sheep)
➢Aid in smooth bowel movement, binds cholesterol and toxins in our gut
➢Can be made into cotton, ramie, and rayon by treating with strong bases like NaOH then exposing it to carbon disulfide fumes
➢Pulp in paper is also made up from cellulose and its derivatives

A

cellulose

101
Q

familiarize in different polysaccahrides

A

+1

102
Q

bluish solution that forms rust-colored precipitate (cuprous oxide)

A

benedict’s solution

103
Q

Used in detecting and quantifying glucose in urine of diabetic patients

A

benedict’s solution

104
Q

forms silver mirror on walls, indication of + reducing sugar and sugars that give + reaction to weak oxidizing agent

A

tollen’s reagent

105
Q

deep purple color that fades upon reaction to produce brown precipitate (manganese dioxide)

A

bayer’s reagent

106
Q

transfer of amino group to hydroxyl group of sugar produces amino sugar

A

amination

107
Q

enzyme in amination

A

aminotransferase

108
Q

amino group donor in amination

A

glutamate

109
Q

– produced when amine is condensed with acetyl group

A

n-acetyl amino sugar

110
Q

enzyme in condensation with acetyl group

A

acetyltransferase

111
Q

acetyl group donor in condensation of acetyl group

A

acetyl-coA

112
Q

enzyme in phosphorylation and sulfonation

A

kinase
sulfate transferase

113
Q

sulfonated polysaccharide in RBCs

A

heparan sulfate

114
Q

cell markers for binding of specific ligands

A

heparan sulfate

115
Q

forms synovial fluid of joints and vitreous humour of eyes

A

hyaluronic acid

116
Q

digestive disorder characterized by the body’s inability to properly digest lactose

A

lactose intolerance

117
Q

enzyme that is lacking in lactose intolerance

A

lactase

118
Q

what gene in small intestine that code for lactase

A

enterocytes

119
Q

down regulation of lactase regulation around what age

A

3-5 yearss old

120
Q

common symptoms include bloating, gas, diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort after consuming daily products

A

lactose intolerance

121
Q

chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (sugar)

A

diabetes mellitus

122
Q

occurs when the body either doesn’t produce enough insulin (a hormone that regulates blood sugar

A

diabetes mellitus

123
Q

symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss, and fatigue

A

diabetes mellitus

124
Q

stored in liver and muscles since these are the major organs and tissues responsible for the regulation of blood glucose levels

A

glyocgen

125
Q

when there is too much glucose present in the system, the release of _____ is simulated to signal the synthesis of glycogen

A

insulin

126
Q

when glucose is low, there is a release of _____to signal the breakdown of glycogen to
glucose then glucose will be
further broken down or metabolized

A

glucagon

127
Q

broken down and enters the 2nd half of glycolysis

A

sucrose and fructose

128
Q

food that is high in fructose, wherein fructose in fruits are still bounded while fructose present in soda is ready for metabolism – continuous metabolism – no regulation

A

soda

Biochemistry (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions