Cell Biochemistry Flashcards by Franchez Cassandra Escander

basic and smallest unit that is capable of forming life functions

cell

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Cell theory states the following

all living things are made up of cells
all cells come from pre-existing cells through cell division

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cells without a nucleus or membrane bound organelles

prokaryotes

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Includes bacteria and archaebacteria

prokaryotes

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Lack distinguishable nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

prokaryotes

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cells with a nucleus or membrane-bound organelles

eukaryotes

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Include cells from plants, animals, fungi, and protists

eukaryotes

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label the bacterial cell

grade yourself accordingly

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classic examples of prokaryotic organisms

bacteria

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bacterial part made up of peptidoglycan phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins which delineates and protects the cell as well as regulating the passage of materials into and out of the cell

plasma membrane

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utilized for surface attachment or DNA exchange of DNA with another bacterium

pilius

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whip-like structure that can propel a bacterium for movement

flagellum

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large polysaccharide structure that forms the outermost envelope

capsule

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Contains water which prevents the bacteria from drying out

capsule

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functions as protection from phagocytosis (being eaten by immune cells) thereby increasing the virulence or disease-causing ability of such bacteria

capsule

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help in environmental interaction such as pili, fimbriae, and flagellum

appendages

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hair-like in appearance and utilized for surface attachment or DNA exchange of DNA with another bacterium

pili

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hair-like but are shorter and more numerous

fimbriae

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whip-like structure that can propel a bacterium for movement

flagellum

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small, circular, double-stranded DNA that is physically separate from the nucleoid

plasmid

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Replicated independently of the genophore

plasmid

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Contain genes that enhance the survival of bacteria such as antibiotic resistance genes

plasmid

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polysaccharide and protein aggregates

peptidoglycan

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Polymers of sugars cross-linked by short polypeptides

peptidoglycan

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end of each fimbria are special proteins called

adhesins

Major factor in bacterial virulence

fimbriae

Enable some bacteria to colonize human epithelial cells (cells of mucuous membrane)

fimbriae

genetic material in bacteria

nucleoid

Made up of circular, double-stranded piece of DNA

genophore (bacteria)

Made up of circular, double-stranded piece of DNA (genophore of bacterial DNA) and nucleoid-assiciated proteins

nucleoid

Irregular aggregate of genophore

nucleoid

bacterial DNA and nucleoid-associated proteins

genophore

demonstrated that microorganisms can cause disease and discovered how to make vaccines from weakened, attenuated, microbes

Louis Pasteur

have some differences that can be differentiated with a technique called gram staining

bacterial cell walls

where a bacterial sample is stained with various dyes and then rinsed with alcohol and the color that remains tell us the structure of the cell wall

gram staining

have cell walls with lots of peptidoglycan, so that they can retain more of the violet stain

gram-positive bacteria

have cell walls with less peptidoglycan, and they have another membrane full of lipopolysaccharides

gram-negative bacteria

Do not retain stain well, so they show up with more of a pink color

gram-negative bacteria

antibiotics that target cell walls in killing certain pathogens

beta-lactams

inhibit peptidoglycan cross-linking, which destroys the bacterial cell wall

beta-lactams

antibiotics target this structure through inhibition of protein synthesis

ribosome

antibiotics target this structure through inhibition of DNA synthesis

DNA

antibiotics target this structure through inhibition of cell wall synthesis

cell wall

antibiotics target this structure through disruption of membrane functon

cell membrane

antibiotics target this structure through inhibition of metabolism

folic acid

bacterial motion is called this

taxis

bacterial motion in response to a chemical signal

chemotaxis

Result of chemical reactions

chemotaxis

movement toward some kind of nutrient

positive chemotaxis

movement from toxic or dangerous

negative chemotaxis

spherical bacteria

cocci

one cocci

coccus

two cocci stuck together

diplococcus

bunch of cocci

staphylococci

chain of cocci

streptococci

rod-shaped bacteria

bacilli

one bacilli

bacillus

two bacilli

diplobacilli

chain of bacilli

streptobacilli

bacteria are spiral-shaped

spirilla and spirochetes

cell take a bit of DNA from its surroundings, which may then become incorporated in its genome

transformation

genes can be carried by a virus from one cell to another, and is incorporated in the chromosome

transduction

plasmids transmitted through pili directly from one bacterium to another

conjugation

sort like mitosis in eukaryotic cells, results in two identical daughter cells with all the genetic information

binary fission

occur by chance sometimes during DNA replication

mismatch errors

monomer

monosaccharide

2 monomer

disaccharide

3 to 10 monomers

oligosaccharide

>10 monomers

polysaccharide

nitrogenous bases

adenine thymine cytosine guanine uracil

protective layer of bacteria, made of proteins, sugars, and lipids

capsule

provides the bacteria with its shape and structure

cell wall

permeable membrane that transfers nutrients and chemicals in and out of the cell

cell membrane

liquid within the cell which serves to protect cell parts

cytoplasm

unique from animal cells due to the presence of chloroplast and cellulosic cell wall

plant cells

also have cell walls but are made up of chitin which is the N-acetylated form of cellulose

fungi cells

porous especially with water and polar solutes such as ions and simple sugars

cell wall

provides structural support to plant cells and prevents the plant cells from bursting under high turgor pressure

cell wall

a fibrous acidic heteropolysaccharide that possess gelatinous properties

pectin

Different polysaccharide

pectin

homopolysaccharide of the simple sugar glucose

cellulose

Glucose is the only component of this

cellulose

pressure exerted the cell’s fluid content against the cell wall

turgor pressure

shrubs and trees have a thickened secondary cell

lignin

larger cell five times the size of a prokaryotic cell with an average size of 50 micrometers

eukaryotic cell

Have membrane-bound nucleus unlike prokaryotic cells

eukaryotic cells

unique from animal cells due to the presence of chloroplast and cellulosic cell wall

plant cells

also have cell walls but are made up of chitin

fungi cell

N-acetylated form of cellulose)

chitin

what the cell is made up of, a homopolysaccharide of the simple sugar glucose

cellulose

cross-linked with pectin

microfibrils

heteropolysaccharide of the sugars galactose and galacturonic acid

pectin

Has gel-like characteristics which binds the cellulose microfibrils together

pectin

porous especially with water and polar solutes such as ions and simple sugars

cell wall

during these, the cell loses water and its contents shrink up to a ball

plasmolysis

remains intact when plasmolysis happen

outer cell wall

have a thickened secondary wall that contains lignin

shrubs and trees

brown phenolic polymer that imparts great strength and harness to wood

lignin

fibrous acidic heterpolysaccharide that posseses gelatinous properties

pectins

proposed by Jonathan Singer and Garth Nicholson describes the structure of plasma membrane as composed of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

fluid mosaic model

complex of polar phosphate head and non-polar hydrocarbon (lipid) tail

phospholipid

Amphipathic in nature

phospholipid

Have dual polarity (both polar and non-polar

phospholipid

embedded in the phospholipid bilayer

proteins

proteins in the bilayer can be

integral peripheral

proteins which are embedded through the bilayer

integral membrane protein (IMP)

proteins embedded at only one side of the bilayer

peripheral membrane protein (PM)

are IMP with associated sugar moieties or chain that serve as cell surface receptors for cell recognition, membrane transport, or cell communication

glycoproteins

lipid with sugar moieties that function more for cell recognition

glycolipids

membranes of organelles that are composed of phospholipid bilayer

vacuoles nucleus mitochondria chloroplast

delineates the cell from its environment, protects the cell, and regulates the passage of materials into and out of the cell

plasma membrane

Permeable to water molecules by osmosis, but not to other polar molecules due to its hydrophobic core

plasma membrane

pass through the plasma membrane via carrier molecules by active transport and facilitated diffusion which requires ATP (adenosine triphosphate) as energy source

ions

made up of various protein scaffolds inside the cytoplasm which provides structural support to the cell and aid in cellular movement

cytoskeleton

Filamentous in shape but have varying molecular components and diameter

cytoskeleton

cytoskeleton can be classified as

microtubules intermediate filaments microfilaments

thickest of the cytoskeleton structures with an average diameter of 25 nanometer

microtubules

Rigid hollow cylinders which are polymers of alpha and beta tubulin protein

microtubules

two forms of tubulin form pairs or dimers which come together to form hollow cylinders which is the characteristic form of microtubules

alpha and beta tubulin protein

maintain cell shape and hold organelles in place and allow them to move around inside the cell

microtubules

prominently form the mitotic spindle during cell division which moves the chromosomes

microtubules

protein component of the cell appendages

microtubules

numerous hair-like cell surface projections

cilia

longer whip-like structure for locomotion

flagella

have an average diameter of 10 nanometer

intermediate filaments

provide support and mechanical strength to the associated cellular parts and components

intermediate filaments

intermediate filaments have different composition depending on the cell type (5)

keratin vimentin desmin neurofilaments lamins

thinnest of the cytoskeleton with an average diameter of 7 nanometers

microfilaments

made up of two actin chains that are twisted around one another to form a helical configuration

microfilaments

mostly concentrated just beneath the cell membrane for mechanical support and maintenance of cell shape

microfilaments

thread responsible for muscular contraction

actin and myosin

also form cytoplasmic extension (microvilli

microfilaments

numerous microscopic finger-like projections of the small intestine which increases its surface area for nutrient absorption and pseudopods

microvilli

temporary arm-like extension of the plasma membrane for movement of certain cells or organisms

pseudopods

gel-like aqueous region between the cell membrane and nuclear membrane.

cytoplasm

popularly called “powerhouses” or “energy factories” of the cell because they are responsible for production of adenosine triphosphate

mitochondria

energy currency of the cell

adenosine triphosphate

Shape is ovoid or elongated

mitochondria

Have their own small genome which can be maternally inherited

mitochondria

– convoluted to increase surface area for ATP production

inner membrane of mitochondria

organelle that consists of cisternae

endoplasmic reticulum

an interconnected network of flattened membranous sacs

cisternae

Two distinct kinds of ER

rER sER

made up of tubular sacs without studded ribosomes

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Involved in lipid and carbohydrate biosynthesis

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Involved in storage and release of calcium ions in cells

sER

involved in Detoxification of drugs and toxicants such that in liver cells (

sER

studded with ribosomes and have a flattened appearance

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Involved in the manufacture of various proteins in the cell on the ribosomes that studs its surface

rER

Also modifies proteins by glycosylation or attachment of sugar moieties and in the proper folding of proteins into its proper shape or confirmation

rER

some of these can be packaged into vesicles and transported to the Golgi apparatus for further modification and transport within and outside the cell

rER

the ribonucleoproteins (RNA + protein) particles that serve as a site for protein synthesis (translation)

ribosomes

ribosomes can appear as (3)

clusters (polyribosomes) single free-floating miniscule body attached at the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane, rER, or nucleus

made up of two sub-units called the large (60S in eukaryotes, 50S in prokaryotes) and small sub-units (40S in eukaryotes and 30S in prokaryotes)

ribosomes

two subunits of ribosomes in eukaryotes

large - 60s small - 40s

two subunits in prokaryotes

large - 50s small - 30s

made up of highly folded flattened sacs (cisternae)

golgi apparatus

also known as golgi bodies or golgi complex

golgi apparatus

modifies, packages, and “tags” proteins that were received from the rER for transportation to their destined location in the cells

golgi apparatus

face of the golgi that receives transport vesicle

cis face

face of the golgi that packs off secretory vesicle

trans face

present mostly in animal cells and largely absent in plant cells

lysosomes

acts as the cell’s garbage disposal organelle

lysosomes

contain various acidic hydrolytic enzymes that break proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, nucleic acids, and even worn-out cellular organelles

lysosomes

active at pH below the cytoplasm and they are compartmentalized in the lysosomes to protect other cell parts from digestion by these digesting enzymes

enzymes

small, spherical organelles enclosed by single membrane layer instead of a double layer for most organelles

peroxisomes

carry out reduction-oxidation or simply redox reactions particularly the oxidative breakdown of fatty acids and amino acids

peroxisomes

crucial in degrading toxic substances such as hydrogen peroxide

peroxisomes

damaging to cells as it triggers free radical damage

hydrogen peroxide

breaks down hydrogen peroxide which facilitates conversion to oxygen, gas, and water

catalase

broken down inside peroxisomes (alcoholic drinks)

ethanol

use molecular oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms from specific organic substrates, producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

oxidase

specialized peroxisomes in plants which converts stored fatty acids into sugars particularly in germinating seeds

glyoxysomes

membrane-bound sacs for storage and transport of materials within the cell

vesicles and vacuoles

typically larger than vesicles and do not fuse with the membranes of other cell organelles

vacuoles

typically have large central vacuole that can occupy as much as 80 percent of the cell’s volume

plants

serve to maintain water balance in plants and for the storage and degradation of polar waste products

central vacuole

have small inconspicuous vacuoles or none at all

animal cells

smaller in size and can fuse with other vesicles or cell organelles

vesicles

can store materials inside or transport them outside the cell

vesicle

pair of cylindrical proteinaceous organelles just outside the nucleus of animal cells

centrioles

each is made up of nine triplets of microtubules that are arranged in a cartwheel fashion around a central hollow region

centrioles

a cartwheel fashion around a central hollow region what pattern

9+0 pattern

these from spindle fibers during cell division move the chromosome across the cell

centrioles

are unique plant cell organelles that carry out photosynthesis through green pigment that it contains

chloroplast

process by which plants manufacture glucose (simple sugar or monosaccharide) using CO2, water, and light energy with concurrent release of oxygen gas

photosynthesis

has its own DNA and ribosomes and can therefore carry out replication and expression of genetic materials

chloroplast

known as the control center of the cell and houses the DNA that directs the synthesis of ribosomes and proteins in the cell

nucleus

DNA of the nucleus that is associated with nuclear proteins (histones)

chromatin

has condensed chromatin and serves as the site for ribosome synthesis (transcription)

nucleolus

boundary of the nucleus which has a similar structure to the plasma membrane except for the presence of the nuclear pore complex (NPC)

nuclear envelope

allow the passage of relatively large molecules such as RNA and proteins across the membrane

nuclear pore complex

continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum where proteins are packaged and transported

nuclear membrane

Among the given statements which ones do not describe the centrioles? - proteinaceous bodies - hollow cylinders in a cartwheel like configuration when viewed atop - made up of triplets of microtubules - proximal to the nucleus - most prominent during meiosis and mitosis - prominent in all eukaryotic cells - active at all times - occur in pairs

- prominent in all eukaryotic cells - active at all times

if asked about the mitochondria, how will you best describe such organelles? two membranes and the inner membrane has distinct infoldings metabolize sugars and fatty acids through a series of reactions that yield energy in the form of ATP metabolize nucleic acids, amino acids, fatty acids through a series of rxn that yield ATP two membranes, outer membrane has distinct infoldings one membrane, distinct infoldings one membrane, smooth metabolize amino acids and fatty acids metabolize sugars, amino acids, fatty acids

metabolize sugars, amino acids, fatty acids two layers, inner distinct infoldings

which of the following are characteristics of bacterial appendages? made up of amino acids made up of monosaccharides aid in conjugation and locomotion made up of nucleotides aid in conjugation and cell attachment made up of fatty acids aid in locomotion, conjugation, and cell attachment aid in locomotion

made up of amino acids aid in locomotion, conjugation, and cell attachment

which of the ff describe the bacterial DNA made up of ribonucleotides extra chromosomal DNA in bacteria which replicates independently made up of circular double stranded DNA no associated proteins with bacterial DNA physically separated from cytoplasm more complex genetic info than in eukaryotic cell made up of amino acids

circular double stranded DNA extra chromosomal DNA

among the given organelles, which ones are present or prominent in plant cells but not in animal cells? centrioles rER chlorophyll sER peroxisomes lysosomes mitochondria golgi apparatus chloroplast vacuoles

chloroplast vacuoles

which of the ff are true for bacterial capsule help bacteria in resisting antibiotics made up of hydrated nucleic acid complex made up of hydrated carbohydrate complex made up of hydrated protein complex help the bacteria in activating our immune system help the bacteria in evading our immune system help the bacteria in faster reproduction rate

made up of hydrated carbohydrate complex help the bacteria in evading our immune system

which distinguishes prokaryotes from eukaryotes presence of cell wall presence of membrane-bound organelles absence of cell membrane absence of cell wall presence of cell membrane absence of membrane bound organelles presence of membrane bound organelles absence of membrane bound nucleus

absence of membrane bound organelles absence of membrane bound nucleus

how does the fluid mosaic model represent the structure of plasma membrane proteins are embedded which are exclusively located at one side of the lipid bilayer primary component is the hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail at the core primary component is the hydrophobic phosphate heat at the core primary component is the phospholipid bilater with the hydrophilic phosphate head at the core primary component is the phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic hydrocarbon tail at the core proteins are embedded in a parallel manner with the lipid bilayer proteins are embedded which can be located at one side of the lipid bilayer or passing through it

proteins are embedded which can be located at one side of the lipid bilayer or passing through it primary component is the hydrophobic hydrocarbon tail at the core

which of the ff are wrong about the chloroplasts capable of harnessing light energy to power up glucose synthesis reason why plants are called autotrophs involved in the production of oxygen gas replicate and express its own genes independently present in plant cells only stroma contains the green photosynthetic pigments has stacks of discoid structures called thylakoids enclosed by two phospholipid bilayers can release energy in the form of ATP just like mitochondria

It can release energy in the form of ATP just like mitochondria - The stroma contains the green photosynthetic pigments

among th given statements, which are characteristics of the cell wall the plant cell wall is made up of galactose polymers that are cemented or lignified present only in plants and fungi present in bacteria, plants, and fungi plant cell wall is made up of glucose polymers that are cemented by pectin or lignified present in all eukaryotes present only in plants fungal cell wall is made up of modified cellulose called lignin

present in bacteria, plants, and fungi made up of glucose polymers that are cemented by pectin or lignified

what are gram positive bacteria cannot retain crystal violet dye and thus stained purple cannot retain crystal violet dye and thus stained pink have a cell membrane made up of thick layer of peptidoglycan retain crystal violet dye and thus stained purple have cell wall made up of a thick layer of peptidoglycan retain crystal violet dye and thus stained pink have a cell wall made up of a thin layer of peptidoglycan

retain crystal violet and stained purple cell wall made up of thick layer of peptidoglycan

which organelles are involved in protein synthesis and/or transport nucleus mitochondria lysosomes ribosomes golgi apparatus lysosomes golgi apparatus vesicles peroxisomes lysosomes ribosomes rER mitochondria centrioles sER nucleus ribosomes sER

golgi apparatus vesicles ribosomes rER

insulin is a protein produced by the pancreas and released into the bloodstream for lowering blood glucose level which cell organelles are directly involved in the synthesis and eventual release of insulin ribosomes and rER vesicles and vacuoles peroxisomes ribosomes nucleus and rER lysosomes peroxisomes sER rER golgi apparatus sER ribosomes sER

ribosomes and rER golgi apparatus and vesicles

how can you best describe the cytoplasm

delineated by phospholipid bilayer and cell membrane polar viscous environment

which organelles are both present in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

ribosomes plasma membrane

Which cell organelles have “house cleaning” functions in the cell?

Vacuoles and peroxisomes Lysosomes and sER

Cell Biochemistry Flashcards

(210 cards)