Carbohydrates Lec Flashcards
(128 cards)
1
Q
Characterized as either monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides
A
carbohydrates
2
Q
biomolecules that are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in the ratio of 1:2:1 (CH2O)
A
carbohydrates
3
Q
building blocks (monomers) of all carbohydrates
A
monosaccharides
4
Q
examples of monosaccharides
A
glucose
fructose
galactose
5
Q
most abundant monosaccharide, water soluble, and easily transported through an organism (
A
glucose
6
Q
found in fruits and plants
A
fructose
7
Q
sugar found in milk
A
galactose
8
Q
formed when monosaccharides are joined together through dehydration reactions forming glycosidic linkages
A
disaccharides
9
Q
made up of two glucose molecule, malt sugar
A
maltose
10
Q
glucose and fructose, table sugar),
A
sucrose
11
Q
made up of glucose and galactose, milk sugar
A
lactose
12
Q
formed when glucose monomers link together to form long chains
A
polysaccharides
13
Q
Include starch, cellulose, chitin, and peptidoglycan
A
polysaccharide
14
Q
most abundant polysaccharide (straight chain polymer of glucose, but configuration is different
A
cellulose
15
Q
structure polysaccharide found in insects and crustaceans
A
chitin
16
Q
found in cell walls of bacteria
A
peptidoglycan
17
Q
major class of biomolecules that is literally formed by hydration of carbon atoms, Cn-(H2O)n.
A
carbohydrates
18
Q
polyhydroxy aldoses or ketoses which can be represented by the planar Fischer projection
A
monosaccharide
19
Q
structure where carbohydrates exist biologically
A
haworth structure
20
Q
cyclic structure due to the intramolecular reaction between the carbonyl carbon and hydroxyl group of the reference carbon
A
hemiacetal or hemiketal
21
Q
five-membered cyclic ether
A
furan
22
Q
six-membered cyclic ether
A
pyran
23
Q
three-carbon monosaccharide
A
triose
24
Q
carbohydrates with two sugar units that are linked by an O-glycosidic bond that is formed by condensation of two hydroxyl (-OH) groups into an ether bond
A
disaccharides
25
carbohydrates with two sugar units that are linked by an O-glycosidic bond that is formed by condensation of two hydroxyl (-OH) groups into an ether bond
disaccharides
26
those with free hydroxyl group (-OH) on the anomeric center
reducing disaccharide
27
have no free hydroxyl group in their anomeric cente
nonreducing disaccharide
28
draw lactose and its systematic name
galactose and glucose (1-4)
+1
29
draw sucrose
a-glucose
b-fructose (1->2)
+1
30
made up of numerous sugar units usually in the hundreds and even thousands
polysaccharides
31
include starch and glycogen, which serve as energy reserves of living organisms
function of polysaccharides?
storage
32
penultimate storage form of glucose in plants and is made up of two distinct macromolecules called α-amylose and amylopectin
starch
33
strach is made up of
a-amlyose
amylopectin
34
has linear chain of glucose subunits that are connected by α(1->4) O-glycosidic bond
a-amylose
35
same linear glucose chain base as in α-amylose but has a α(1->6) glucose branch for every 24-30 glucose residues
amylopectin
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storage form of glucose in animals and humans which has a similar structure to amylopectin except that the
α(1->6) branching occurs more frequently at around 8-12 glucose residues
glycogen
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identify the structures in amylose, amylopectin, and glyocen
+1
38
two beta glucose unit disaccharide
cellobiose
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beta-galactose and alpha-glucose
lactose
40
alpha-glucose and beta-fructose
sucrose
41
3 to 10 saccharide units
oligosaccharide
42
considerably reactive in carbohydrates
what groups
carbonyl
hydroxyl
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type of reaction where aldehydes and alcohols are turned to carboxylic acids
oxidation
44
what is benedict's solution
CuSO4 in NaOH (copper sulfate in sodium hydroxide)
45
what is tollen's reagent
AgNO3 in NH3
(silver nitrate in ammonia)
46
product when weak oxidizing agent like (Br2 in H2O, CuSO4 in NaOH, and AgNO3 in NH3) oxidize the aldehyde group
aldonic acid
47
aldonic acid is produced when the aldehyde is oxidized using what reagents
Br2 in H2O (bromide in water)
CUSO4 in NaOH (copper sulfate in sodium hydroxide)
AgNO3 in NH3 (silver nitrate in ammonia)
48
product when the enzymatic oxidation of the terminal alcohol of monosaccharide
alduronic acid
49
enzyme that can turn into alduronic acid
oxidase
50
bayer's reagent is made up of
Potassium Permanganate (KMnO4)
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product when strong oxidizing agents like HNO3 or KMnO4 oxidize both aldehyde and terminal alcohol groups
Aldaric acid
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another strong oxidizing agent other than KMnO4
nitric acid (HNO3)
53
label the oxidation reactions in carbohydrates (two pictures)
+1
54
oxidation reactions usually produce this effect in a solution
color change
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bluish solution that forms rust-colored precipitates which is cuprous oxide (Cu2O), and is used in detecting and quantifying glucose in the urine of diabetics
Benedict's solution
56
greenish yellow means how many percent of glucose
0.5%
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reddish-orange concentraion means what percent of glucose
2%
58
forms silver mirror on the walls of the test tube
tollen's reagent
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sugars that give positive reaction to weak oxidizing agent
reducing sugars
60
deep in purple fades upon reaction to give brown manganese dioxide (MnO2) precipitates
bayer's reagent
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reaction where the carbonyl functionality is reducible to an alcohol using sodium borohydride (NaBH4) or lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4) resulting to the formation of alditol
reduction
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reagent used in reduction of carbohydrate (2)
sodium borohydride (NaBH4)
lithium aluminum hydride (LiAlH4)
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alcohol formed when carbohydrate is reduced
alditol
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label the reduction of glucose
+1
65
when the hydroxyl group is reduced to an alkane, forming this
deoxy sugar
66
important deoxy sugar that is the sugar component of the DNA backbone
2-deoxy-D-ribose
67
label the formation of deoxy sugar when OH group is reduced to an alkane
+1
68
reaction where 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (2,4-DNP) reacts with C1 and C2 functional groups of monosaccharides to form an osazone
osazone formation
69
what does 2,4-DNP mean
dinitrophenylhydrazine
70
what carbon does 2,4-DNP react with
C1 and C2
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used as a general test for sugars or carbonyl compounds
osazone formation
72
label the osazone formation
+1
73
reaction where the amino group of glutamate can be transferred to hydroxyl groups of sugar to form an amino sugar by transferase
amination
74
formed when the amine is condensed with acetyl group by the action of
acetyltransferase
n-acetyl amino sugar
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phosphate and sulfur groups can be attached to hydroxyl groups of sugar by kinase and sulfate transferase enzymes, respectively
phosphorylation and sulfonation
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label the amination
+1
77
what reagent for amination
NH3
78
what reagent for formation of amino sugar
CH3COOH
79
Adds a large negative charge that makes the sugar more polar
phosphorylation and sulfonation
80
is used in trapping sugars inside the cell since charged molecule can not pass through the nonpolar cell membrane, activates the sugar by placing it in a high energy state
phosphorylation
81
usually found on the cell’s surface to prevent their clumping in the case erythrocytes
what kind of sugar
sulfated sugar
82
attracts water like in hyaluronic acid that forms the synovial fluid of the joints and vitreous humour
of the eyes
hygroscopic groups
83
label phosphorylation and sulfonation
+1
84
lines the small intestine, codes for the gene that produces lactase
enterocyte
85
review ppt slides
+1 every round
86
draw carbohydrate aldoses structure
+1
87
draw carbohydrate ketoses
+1
88
extracted from plants as in sugar cane and sugar beet processed to be marketed as common table sugar
sucrose
89
Used as a sweetening agent in food and beverages
sucrose
90
produced naturally and is present in the milk of mammals including humans
lactose
91
commercially used as a sweetener, used in pastries
maltose
92
composed of 3-10 monosaccharide units
oligosaccharide
93
➢Occur as storage or transport carbohydrate in plants
➢Example include raffinose
oligosaccharide
94
long chains of carbohydrate molecules that is composed of several monosaccharides
polysaccharide
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contain only one single monomeric unit
homopolysaccharide
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➢Storage: starch and glycogen
➢Structural: cellulose and chitin'
what kind of polysaccharide
homopolysaccharide
97
contains 2 or more monomeric unit
➢Functions in extracellular support
heteropolysaccahride
98
structural polysaccharide that contains nitrogen
➢Β-1,4-N-acetyl-d-glucosamine
➢Major constituent of the cell wall of fungi, insect exoskeletons, and crustacean shells
chitin
99
B-1,4 glycosidic bonds that makes it suitable for compaction into fibers that are stabilized by H-bonds
cellulose
100
➢Combined with gums and pectin
➢Can be digested by ruminants (cows, goats, and sheep)
➢Aid in smooth bowel movement, binds cholesterol and toxins in our gut
➢Can be made into cotton, ramie, and rayon by treating with strong bases like NaOH then exposing it to carbon disulfide fumes
➢Pulp in paper is also made up from cellulose and its derivatives
cellulose
101
familiarize in different polysaccahrides
+1
102
bluish solution that forms rust-colored precipitate (cuprous oxide)
benedict's solution
103
Used in detecting and quantifying glucose in urine of diabetic patients
benedict's solution
104
forms silver mirror on walls, indication of + reducing sugar and sugars that give + reaction to weak oxidizing agent
tollen's reagent
105
deep purple color that fades upon reaction to produce brown precipitate (manganese dioxide)
bayer's reagent
106
transfer of amino group to hydroxyl group of sugar produces amino sugar
amination
107
enzyme in amination
aminotransferase
108
amino group donor in amination
glutamate
109
– produced when amine is condensed with acetyl group
n-acetyl amino sugar
110
enzyme in condensation with acetyl group
acetyltransferase
111
acetyl group donor in condensation of acetyl group
acetyl-coA
112
enzyme in phosphorylation and sulfonation
kinase
sulfate transferase
113
sulfonated polysaccharide in RBCs
heparan sulfate
114
cell markers for binding of specific ligands
heparan sulfate
115
forms synovial fluid of joints and vitreous humour of eyes
hyaluronic acid
116
digestive disorder characterized by the body’s inability to properly digest lactose
lactose intolerance
117
enzyme that is lacking in lactose intolerance
lactase
118
what gene in small intestine that code for lactase
enterocytes
119
down regulation of lactase regulation around what age
3-5 yearss old
120
common symptoms include bloating, gas, diarrhea, and abdominal discomfort after consuming daily products
lactose intolerance
121
chronic metabolic disorder characterized by elevated levels of blood glucose (sugar)
diabetes mellitus
122
occurs when the body either doesn’t produce enough insulin (a hormone that regulates blood sugar
diabetes mellitus
123
symptoms include increased thirst, frequent urination, unexplained weight loss, and fatigue
diabetes mellitus
124
stored in liver and muscles since these are the major organs and tissues responsible for the regulation of blood glucose levels
glyocgen
125
when there is too much glucose present in the system, the release of _____ is simulated to signal the synthesis of glycogen
insulin
126
when glucose is low, there is a release of _____to signal the breakdown of glycogen to
glucose then glucose will be
further broken down or metabolized
glucagon
127
broken down and enters the 2nd half of glycolysis
sucrose and fructose
128
food that is high in fructose, wherein fructose in fruits are still bounded while fructose present in soda is ready for metabolism – continuous metabolism – no regulation
soda
