Lipids Flashcards
(110 cards)
1
Q
A
1
Q
water-insoluble biomolecules but are soluble in nonpolar solvents like chloroform, ether, and hexane
A
lipids
2
Q
Have no single common building blocks, hence making them more diverse in nature
A
lipids
3
Q
eight major common group of lipids
A
fatty acids
acylglycerides
phospholipids
sterols
sphingolipids
isoprenoids
glycolipids
polyketides
4
Q
carboxylic acids (RCOOH) with long hydrocarbon chain
A
fatty acids
5
Q
Can be classified to saturated fatty acids if they have pure single bonds on their hydrocarbon chain
A
fatty acids
6
Q
_____ fatty acids if there is one or more C=C bond in their backbone
A
unsaturated fatty acids
7
Q
naturally-occurring fatty acids have this number of carbon atoms
A
even number
8
Q
increases with increasing molecular weight
A
melting point
9
Q
net charge of fatty acids due to the dissociation of H+ in the carboxylic acid (-COOH to -COO-)
A
negative charge
10
Q
have higher melting point than equivalent unsaturated fatty acid due to greater number of intermolecular forces of attraction between the linear saturated fatty acid molecules
A
saturated fatty acids
11
Q
esters of glycerol and fatty acids, hence they are considered as conjugated lipids
A
acylglycerides
12
Q
Neutral in nature
A
acylglycerides
13
Q
one fatty acid attached to OH
A
monoacylglycerides
14
Q
two fatty acid attached to OH
A
diacylglycerides
15
Q
three fatty acid attached to OH group of glycerol via ester bond
A
triacylglycerides
16
Q
act as secondary messenger molecules that transmit biochemical signals in the process called signal transduction
A
diacylglycerides
17
Q
act as secondary messenger molecules that transmit biochemical signals in the process called signal transduction
A
diacylglycerides
18
Q
storage of fatty acids in plants and has an abundant amount of unsaturated fatty acids
A
oil
19
Q
Liquid at room temperature due to its structure, and low melting point
A
oil
20
Q
storage of fatty acids in animals and humans and is predominantly made up of saturated fatty acids
A
fat
21
Q
Solid at room temperature
A
fat
22
Q
phosphate esters of diacylglycerides
A
phospholipids
23
Q
part of phospholipid that is polar and negatively charged in nature, which renders a polar characteristic to the otherwise nonpolar hydrocarbon backbone
A
phosphate group
24
contains both polar and non-polar components
amphipathic
25
simplest phospholipids, have the plain phosphate group at the head of the structure
phosphaditic acid
26
Complex phosphate groups form when conjugated with:
ethanolamine
choline
serine
27
draw ethanolamine
grade yourself accordingly
28
draw choline
grade yourself accordingly
29
draw serine
grade yourself accordingly
30
also known as cephalin (PE)
phosphaditylethanolamine
31
also known as lecithin (PC)
phosphaditylcholine
32
the amphipathic nature of the phospholipid makes it an important biomolecular component of the cell’s plasma membrane
phospholipid bilayer
33
outer leaflet of the bilayer, can interact with the polar aqueous environment of the cytoplasm and extracellular matrix
polar phosphate head
34
form the hydrophobic core of the bilayer which prevents the dissolution of the membrane by water, thus delineating the cell from its environment
nonpolar fatty acid tail
35
polycyclic conjugated lipids with perhydrocyclopentanophenanthrene as base structure
sterols
36
three main kinds of sterols
phytosterol
ergosterol
zoosterol
37
most important zoosterol in animals and humans, it can be seen that this has four conjugated rings (rings A, B, C, and D) with 17 carbon atoms in the ring system
cholesterol
38
hormones that are derived from cholesterol which includes adrenocorticoids (glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid) and sex hormones (estrogens, progesterone, and testosterone)
steroid hormones
39
cholesterol derived hormones that are synthesized in the cortex of the adrenal glands which are found atop each kidney
adrenocorticoids
40
adrenocorticoids that have important metabolic and immunological functions
glucocorticoids
41
Increase blood glucose levels by stimulation of gluconeogenesis in the liver which is the synthesis of glucose molecules from non-carbohydrate substrates
such as amino acids and glycerol
glucocorticoids
42
Stimulate anti-inflammatory response in the body by upregulating the synthesis of anti-inflammatory response in the body by upregulating the synthesis of anti-inflammatory proteins while downregulating that of proinflammatory one
glucocoritcoids
43
used as powerful anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of allergies, asthma, autoimmune disorders, and cancer
glucocorticoid drugs
44
anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) which decreases urine volume and regulates water and electrolytes (minerals) balance in the body
mineralocorticoid
45
Acts on kidneys to stimulate the reabsorption of sodium ions in the collecting tubules while promoting secretion of potassium ions which increases blood pressure (hypertension)
mineralocorticoid
46
female sex hormones that stimulate ovulation which is the maturation of oocytes
estrogen
47
Stimulates endometrial growth, calcium retention in the bones, and development of secondary sexual characteristics in females
estrogen
48
include the development of breasts, widening of hips, and growth
of pubic hair
secondary sexual characteristics
49
Three major forms of estrogen
estrone
estradiol
estriol
50
hormone that prepares the female body for pregnancy and its maintenance
progesterone
51
stimulates the development of the sperm cells in the process called spermatogenesis
testosterone
52
Stimulates the development of secondary sexual characteristics in males such as male bodily hair pattern (mustache, beard, pubic hair, and armpit hair), deepening of voice and enlargement of voice box, strengthening of sexual drive or libido
testosterone
53
Promote Good eyesight
Has antioxidant property, prevents pre-mature aging and protection from various inflammatory diseases like cancer
vitamin A
54
retinol, retinal, retinoic acid is what vitamin
vitamin A
55
inability to see well at night
night blindness
56
extreme form of vitamin A deficiency which may lead to permanent blindness
xeropthalmia
57
Facilitate calcium absorption and metabolism
Also strengthen the immune system and help in the prevention of rickets and osteomalacia
vitamin D
58
cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol is what vitamin
Vitamin D
59
softening of bones in children
rickets
60
softening of bones in adults
osteomalacia
61
Potent, water-insoluble antioxidant that scavenges free radicals
vitamin E
62
tocopherols is what vitamin
vitamin E
63
the susceptibility of RBCs to free-radial induced desctruction
hemolytic anemia
64
Essential for proper clotting of the blood
vitamin K
65
phylloquinone is what vitamin
vitamin K
66
susceptibility to bleeding
hemorrhage
67
breakdown and synthesis of fats
lipid metabolism
68
triglycerides, esters of glycerol and three fatty acids
fats
69
fats can come from
diet
stores in adipose tissue
synthesize from excess dietary carbohydrates in the liver
70
where dietary fats are commonly digested in with the action of bile salts and pancreatic lipase
small intestine
71
emulsify fats, acts as detergent, breaking large globules of fat into smaller micelles, making them more accessible to lipase
bile salts
72
converts triglycerides to monoglycerides, free fatty acids, and glycerol
pancreatic lipase
73
cells in intestinal epithelium, where converted monoglycerides, fatty acids, and glycerol to recombine again to form triglycerides
enterocytes
74
large lipoprotein particles where triglycerides and cholesterol are packaged in
chylomicrons
75
enable transport of water-insoluble fats within aqueous environments
lipoproteins
76
surface enzyme in the walls of blood capillaries, hydrolyzes triglycerides into fatty acids and glycerol, enabling them to pass through the capillary wall into tissues where they are oxidized for
energy or re-esterized for storage
lipoprotein lipase
77
fats synthesized endogenously in the liver to be transported into tissues
very low density lipoprotein
78
atty acids undergo this kind of oxidation to generate acetyl-CoA
beta oxidation
79
when produced in excess, it is diverted to create ketone bodies
acetyl-coA
80
important source of fuel during glucose starvation, especially for the brain
ketone bodies
81
Acidic, so when produced in excess can overwhelm the buffering capacity of blood plasma, resulting metabolic acidosisk
ketone bodies
82
serious complication of diabetes, in which cells must oxidize fats for fuel as they cannot utilize glucose
ketoacidosis
83
water-insoluble biomolecules that include familiar fats and oils which are technically known as triglycerides
lipids
84
Used by our body as energy storage molecules, insulation, cushioning of organs, primary cell membrane components, and as hormones
lipids
85
detects the presence of unsaturation in lipids by addition of this solution
iodine solution
86
what was iodized in the addition of iodine solution in unsaturated fatty acids
double bond
87
its presence is detected by the addition of potassium bisulphate which induces the formation of acrolein
glycerol
88
has a characteristic irritating odor
acrolein
89
reagent in acrolein formation
potassium bisulphate
90
react with bases in the process called saponification
acylglycerides
91
formation of soap
saponofication
92
forms deeply colored condensation product with acetic anhydride under acidic conditions in the Lieberman-Burchard test
cholesterol
93
reagent in Lieberman-Burchard test
acetic anhydride
94
test for detection of cholesterol
Lieberman-Burchard test
95
a drop of iodine solution is added to each sample while shaking in between addition until no further discoloration is observed
iodine test
96
Test for saturation
iodine test
97
If iodine changes from brown to clear, the lipid is
unsaturated
98
If iodine does not change, lipid is
saturated
99
KHSO4 (potassium hydrogen sulfate) is added to each test tube and heated across the flame of Bunsen burner
acrolein test
100
Detect the presence of glycerol or fat
acylglycerides
101
When fat is treated strongly in the presence of dehydrating agent like potassium bisulphate (KHSO4), the glycerol portion of the molecule is dehydrated to form an unsaturated aldehyde
acrolein
102
ethanolic KOH is added to lipids and then placed in a water bath, NaCl is added and shaked
vigorously for the formation of soap precipitates
saponification
103
what is added to lipids in saponification
ethanolic KOH
104
what is added when ethanolic KOH is added with lipids and placed in a water bath
NaCl
105
Triglycerides of lipid react with an alkali NaOH or KOH to produce soap and glycerol in the presence of
ethanol
106
10 drops of acetic anhydride were added and then 5 drops of concentrated H2SO4 (sulfuric acid), mix carefully and observe change to deep green color (+)
Liebermann-Burchard test
107
what is added to liebermann-burchard test
acetic anhydride
sulfuric acid
108
Test for the presence of cholesterol
Liebermann-burchard test
109
deep green is what result in Liebermann-Burchard test
positive
