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BGM1004-Genetics > BGM1004/L21 Model Organisms > Flashcards

BGM1004/L21 Model Organisms Flashcards

1
Q

What is developmental biology?

A

The study of the process by which organisms grow and develop

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2
Q

What does developmental genetics focus on? (3)

A

Growth, differentiation and morphogenesis

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3
Q

Why is developmental biology important? (2)

A

Understanding congenital malformations
Understanding regeneration, repair, ageing and cancer

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4
Q

In mammals, what is the development period considered to be?

A

Between fertilisation and birth

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5
Q

What is a developing organism in humans called?

A

Embryo (or fetus once fully formed)

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6
Q

How long is human pregnancy?

A

38-40 weeks

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7
Q

How long is the embryonic period of gestation in humans?

A

8 weeks

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8
Q

When does most organogenesis occur in humans?

A

Embryogenesis (first 8 weeks)

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9
Q

When do most congenital anomalies occur in humans?

A

Embryogenesis (first 8 weeks)

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10
Q

What are the 3 general approaches to studying development?

A

Anatomical
Physical
Genetic

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11
Q

What is considered in the anatomical approach of studying development?

A

How things look as they form

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12
Q

What is considered in the physical manipulation approach of studying development?

A

What happens if developing structures are interfered with

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13
Q

What is considered in the genetic approach of studying development?

A

How genes control development

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14
Q

What is a model organism?

A

A well-established experimental biological system

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15
Q

Name 4 model organisms for studying development.

A

Mouse
Chicken
Frog
Zebrafish
Fruit fly
Bird

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16
Q

What gene in mice can trigger eye development in Drosophila?

A

Pax6 gene

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17
Q

What gene controls cardiac development in humans?

A

Nkx2.5

18
Q

What is the oldest known bilaterian at 550 million years?

A

Ikaria wariootia

19
Q

What are homeobox genes?

A

Genes determining physical structure of the body

20
Q

What is tempero-spatial colinearity?

A

The order of segments on the body reflecting in their order on their chromosome

21
Q

Why is Drosophila a good model organism? (4)

A

Genome sequenced
Most genes have mammalian homologues
Many mutants available
Short life cycle
Large easily accessed larvae
Allows understanding of basic gene networks regulating early body plan

22
Q

Why are zebrafish a good model organism? (4)

A

Genome sequenced
Genetically more similar to man than fly
Fundamental developmental processes similar to mammals
Easy to manipulate genetically/experimentally
Capable of regenerating many body parts
Transparent embryos

23
Q

Why are Newts and Xenopus (clawed toad) good for physical manipulation?

A

Large embryos allow easy manipulation

24
Q

Why are amphibians useful as model organisms? (3)

A

Large embryos easily manipulated
More similar anatomically to mammals than flies or fish
Capable of regenerating many body parts

25
Q

Why are birds useful as model organisms? (3)

A

Large accessible eggs
Easy to manipulate and image
Anatomically (organ level) very similar to humans

26
Q

Give a disadvantage to using birds as a model organism.

A

Large complex genomes

27
Q

Why are mice useful as a model organism? (3)

A

Genome sequenced
Very similar to human
Large number of mutants available
Possible to manipulate genome
Relatively rapid life cycle

28
Q

Give 3 examples of genetic tools.

A

Morpholinos
Chemical mutagenesis (ENU)
Transgenesis (transient/germline)
Single gene knockouts and knockins
Conditional gene knockouts
CRISPR

29
Q

What is a morpholino?

A

A synthetic antisense oligonucleotide designed to bind and block translation initiation complex of mRNA

30
Q

What is chemical mutagenesis (ENU)?

A

Interaction between cells in different physical stress and chemical compounds that alter DNA structure

31
Q

What is transgenesis (transient)?

A

Temporarily introducing foreign DNA into a plant cell

32
Q

What is transgenesis (germline)?

A

Insertion of a gene into a genome, followed by germline transmission of the gene and analysis of phenotype

33
Q

What is a single gene knockout/knockin?

A

(In)activation or removal of one or more specific genes from an organism

34
Q

What is a conditional gene knockout?

A

Technique eliminating expression of a specific gene at a specific time in a given tissue

35
Q

What is CRISPR?

A

Technique used to selectively modify DNA of living organisms

36
Q

Why are animal models required?

A

Can’t experiment on humans
Model disease processes
Test toxicity of new drugs
Model complex development
*Exceptions to all exist

37
Q

Why can’t humans be used for experiments? (2)

A

Ethical reasons
Human genetics very complex

38
Q

What are human organoids?

A

Self-organising three-dimensional cell cultures

39
Q

What are human organoids derived from?

A

Pluripotent stem cells

40
Q

What makes a good model for developmental genetics research? (5)

A

Genome sequenced
Anatomically resembles human at some level
Rapid rate of development
Large numbers of offspring per generation
Easily manipulated
Genetically tractable
Readily available

BGM1004-Genetics (22 decks)

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