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BGM1004-Genetics > BGM1004/L22 Vertebrate Development > Flashcards

BGM1004/L22 Vertebrate Development Flashcards

1
Q

When does patterning occur?

A

Initiated on day 12

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2
Q

What is morphogenesis?

A

Process by which an organism or structure begins to develop 3-dimensional form

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3
Q

Give the 3 fundamental processes of developmental biology.

A

Morphogenesis
Cell differentiation
Growth

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4
Q

Define axis formation.

A

Establishment of body plan

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5
Q

What is body plan?

A

Map of an organism developed by three axis

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6
Q

Give and define the 3 axis.

A

Antero-posterior axis - head to tail
Dorso-ventral axis - back to belly
Left-right axis - as stated

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7
Q

Give another name for the anterior end of the embryo.

A

Rostral
Cranial

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8
Q

Give another name for the posterior end of the embryo.

A

Caudal

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9
Q

What is body axis formation dependent on?

A

Different parts of the embryo becoming distinct

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10
Q

Name the 4 components to cell signalling.

A

Release and transmission of signal by source cell
Reception by target cell
Transduction
Cellular response

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11
Q

Give 2 example of cellular responses to cell signalling.

A

Differentiation
Proliferation
Cell shape change
Migration
Death

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12
Q

What signalling molecules pattern the embryo?

A

Growth factors/ morphogens

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13
Q

How do morphogens control positioning of specialised cell types?

A

Form gradients which activate/repress different genes at different concentrations

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14
Q

What is the role of the protein bicoid in flies?

A

First step in establishing A-P polarity

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15
Q

Give 2 ways that morphogens achieve long range signalling in cellularised tissues.

A

Diffusion over long distances
Relay from cell to cell
Cellular extensions

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16
Q

Describe the role of the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) protein.

A

Crucial vertebrate morphogen

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17
Q

Name the 2 main signalling centres in early mammalian embryos.

A

Anterior visceral endoderm (AVE)
Node (organiser)

18
Q

What gene is crucial for the formation of the anterior visceral endoderm?

A

Lim-1

19
Q

Name 3 genes that severely affect body plan when knocked out.

A

Lim-1
Chordin
Noggin
Shh

20
Q

Where does breaking of left-right symmetry first occur?

A

At the node

21
Q

Name 2 morphogens involved in left-right axis formation.

A

Shh
RA
FGF

22
Q

Describe how morphogens create left-right axis in vertebrates.

A

Activates specific signalling pathway only in left side

23
Q

Describe the L-R signalling pathway (4)

A

Initiated at node
Release of morphogens
Nodel signalling activated on L side
Nodal activates Pitx2
Downstream gene expression activated

24
Q

Which side of the body is default?

A

Right side - left actively specified

25
Q

What is the role of Homeobox gene Pitx2? (2)

A

Regulates downstream gene expression
Governs asymmetric organ development

26
Q

What tools are used to determine L-R patterning? (2)

A

Physical inversion and transplantation of node
Genetic knockout of Lefty-1 or Shh gene

27
Q

What occurs when Lefty-1 or Shh are knocked out?

A

Both sides present as ‘left’

28
Q

What occurs when the nodal is on the right side of the body?

A

Situs inversus totalis
Total inversion of organs
No effects

29
Q

What occurs when the nodal is on both sides/ neither side?

A

Left isomerism
Right isomerism
Poor prognosis

30
Q

What occurs in situs inversus thoracalis?

A

Thoracic organs are inverted
Poor prognosis

31
Q

What occurs in situs inversus abdominalis?

A

Abdominal organs are inverted
Poor prognosis

32
Q

What is the role of Wnt in AP axis formation?

A

Specifies early anterior region

33
Q

What is the role of RA in AP axis formation?

A

Patterns midbrain, hindbrain and trunk

34
Q

What is the role of FGF in AP axis formation?

A

Patterns the caudal region

35
Q

Which genes code for vertebrae with/without ribs?

A

Hox6
Hox10 respectively

36
Q

Which 2 morphogens determine neuronal sub-types? By which mechanism?

A

Shh and BMP
Opposing gradients

37
Q

Describe the patterning of the neural tube.

A

BMP and Wnt determine from dorsal region
Shh determines from vental region

38
Q

Where are the signals required for limb outgrowth?

A

Apical ectodermal ridge (AER)

39
Q

What morphogen principally determines limb outgrowth?

A

FGF8

40
Q

How does thalidomide disrupt limb patterning? (3)

A

Stops production of blood vessels
Blocks proliferation
Alters expression of Shh, FGF and Hox genes

41
Q

SALL4 mutations have been shown to cause what syndrome?

A

Duane Radial Ray Syndrome

42
Q

How do teratogens act?

A

Disrupt patterning signals and genes

BGM1004-Genetics (22 decks)

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