Media Studies Terminology Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by an Active audience?

A

This describes an audience who responds to and interprets the media products in different ways and who actively engages with the messages encoded in the products

Stretch: How can you apply Henry Jenkins to this?

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2
Q

What is meant by an Advertising Campaign?

A

Run by an advertising agency, a campaign incorporates all of the ways in which a product, event or service is promoted to the audience, for example the packaging, television, print and online adverts.

Stretch: what is the difference between the “I, Daniel Blake” and “Black Panther” advertising campaigns

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3
Q

Define what is meant by Afrofuturism

A

A movement in the arts including film featuring futuristic or science fiction themes and narratives incorporating elements of black culture and history. The aim is to connect audiences from black diaspora with their African heritage

Stretch: To which set text does this best apply to?

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4
Q

In magazine terms, what is an Alley?

A

An alley is the space between columns of text (such as in a double page spread article).

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5
Q

What is meant by the ‘American Dream’, and what set texts convey this idea?

A

The ‘American Dream’ is the idea that every American can have equal chances to achieve their aspirations. It is part of aspirational marketing ploys that are used in texts such the Tide print advert.

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6
Q

Briefly describe what is meant by Anchorage?

A

The way in which a caption or piece of written text is placed to fix the meaning of an image in place, positioning the reader to make a preferred reading.

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7
Q

What is meant by Aspirational Marketing?

A

Aspirational Marketing is where a product or representation is aimed at or appealing to people who want to improve how they look, attain a higher social position or have a better standard of living

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8
Q

What is meant by ‘audio streaming’?

A

Where listeners can click on a link (PC or mobile) to play the radio programme or podcast instantly. This has increased the global reach of BBC Radio/Sounds, as listeners abroad can tune in to hear the live/recorded programme.

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9
Q

In gaming terms, what is meant by ‘Augmented Reality’?

A

This is computer-generated content overlaid on a real-world environment commonly used in video games. Augmented-reality hardware comes in many forms, including devices you can carry, such as handheld displays, and devices you wear, such as headsets and glasses.

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10
Q

In gaming terms, what is an Avatar?

A

An Avatar is the player’s representation of themselves within the game.

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11
Q

In regards to film marketing, what is a billing block?

A

This is a block of text that contains the industry information & credits of: actors, directors, producers, crew members and production and distribution companies.

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12
Q

What is meant by binary opposites?

A

When products incorporate examples of opposite values, for example poverty and wealth.

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13
Q

What is meant by binary oppositions?

A

Binary oppositions occur when two people, ideas, concepts or values are set up in conflict with one another. In a crime drama, there is conventionally a binary opposition between the investigator and the criminal and what they represent, for example.

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14
Q

Define what is meant when something (or someone) is a ‘brand’.

A

A brand helps to identify one company’s products from those of another. The branding may be clearly identifiable by a name, logo or some other trademark, for example the font style of Marvel Studios or the coat of arms in The Times’ masthead.

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15
Q

What is meant by ‘brand identity’?

A

The image that a brand projects and the associations the audience makes with the brand. This is something that is built up and structured over time.

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16
Q

What is meant by ‘Brand Recognition’?

A

This is the extent to which a brand can be quickly and easily identified. Brand recognition is often facilitated by visual codes such as logos.

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17
Q

In the newspaper world, what is a broadsheet?

A

This describes a ‘quality’ newspaper that publishes more serious news, for example The Times.

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18
Q

What is meant by the ‘burden of representation’?

A

This is the idea that when representations of particular social groups are limited, those few representations that do find their way into the media have to carry more weight as they end up standing in for entire groups or communities.

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19
Q

In Media Language, describe a canted angle/Dutch tilt.

A

This is a shot filmed from an oblique or slanted angle.
It is often used to communicate a dream-like sequence in a TV programme or film, or is used to convey disruption within the narrative.

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20
Q

In the world of Advertising, what is the CAP code?

A

This is the Advertising Code that covers non-broadcast media (such as newspapers, magazines, websites and social media platforms). It is a form of regulation that aims to prevent audiences from being misled by advertising that takes place outside of television and radio.

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21
Q

What is meant by a Circular Narrative?

A

This is where the narrative starts at the end and then explores the action up to that point. It is sometimes only at the very end of the film or television programme (or video game) that the narrative makes sense.

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22
Q

Within many media industries, what is meant by Circulation?

A

This is a count of how many copies of a particular publication are distributed, including subscriptions.

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23
Q

What is meant by ‘classification’?

A

A rating given to a film or video game, informing the audience of its suitability according to criteria that include levels of violence, sexual content and use of inappropriate language.

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24
Q

In television, what is meant by a cliff-hanger?

A

This is a narrative device that creates suspense. It is typically used at the end of an episode or, in some cases, before an advert break, as its main function is to persuade the viewer to watch the following instalment of that programme in order to find out what happens next.

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25
Q

In Media Language, what is meant by ‘Codes’?

A

These are signs contained within a media product that gives clues to the product’s meaning.

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26
Q

In the world of social media or music videos, what is a collaboration video?

A

This is a video that features two or more content creators working together in collaboration. It is a common trope of platforms like Youtube or Twitch.

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27
Q

What is meant by a colloquialism?

A

This is an informal expression that is often used in casual conversation rather than in writing. However, it is used in some media products (such as The Mirror, Have You Heard George’s Podcast? etc.) to establish an informal communication with the audience.

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28
Q

In TV and Radio, what is meant by commissioning?

A

To give a programme the go-ahead for production- to ‘greenlight’ it. AT the BBC, for example, there are Directors of Programming for different genres. Producers pitch their ideas to the relevant controller who then decides whether or not to commission the programme.

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29
Q

What is a connotation?

A

This refers to the meanings we associate with the sign, for example the raised fist of Daniel Blake in the poster for I,Daniel Blake may connote activism or ‘power to the people’!

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30
Q

In relation to Tide, what is a consumable product?

A

These are the products that we use regularly and that need to be replaced. Some audiences are loyal to a particular brand, whereas others may be persuaded to change as a result of successful marketing devices. (NB: Media/Cultural products are not consumable, because they don’t need to be replaced!)

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31
Q

In Media, why do we use the word ‘consume’?

A

This is another way of saying how an audience uses a media product. We consume media products for different reasons

Stretch: How are audiences categorised?

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32
Q

In Media Research, what is Content Analysis?

A

A research method that provides quantitative data. It generally involves counting the number of times a particular feature appears in a given context – counting the number of women who have speaking roles in prime-time television programmes, for example.

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33
Q

In the world of social media, who are Content Creators?

A

Those who are involved in creating and sharing content online – bloggers and YouTubers for example.
Think about KSI as a content creator across multiple platforms!

Stretch: Apply Clay Shirky’s End of Audience theory to this.

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34
Q

Within our study of Media, what is meant by context?

A

The aspects of the environment that surround a product at the time of its creation, distribution, circulation or reception and that may affect its meaning.
Contects that we study can include historical, social/cultural, economic, political or industry-based

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35
Q

What is meant by continuity?

A

When one frame of your storyboard/visual media links to the next in a sequence, in order to effectively convey the narrative.

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36
Q

What is meant by continuity editing?

A

To combine a series of shots into a sequence to create a clear and continuous narrative that can be understood by the audience.

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37
Q

As an audio code, what is contrapuntal sound?

A

Sound that does not match what is happening on screen. For example, the introduction of ominous music in a seemingly peaceful scene.
What contrapuntal music can be found in the Super.Human advert?

Stretch: Is this an example of Diegetic or Non Diegetic audio?

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38
Q

What is meant by the term Convergence?

A

The process through which different media industries and forms merge with one another or move closer together.
This process is often facilitated by digital technologies. For example, smartphones bring together many different functions in a single device – as well as making phone calls, users can browse the internet, play games, watch video content and listen to music.

What media industries have been most affected by digital convergence?

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39
Q

In advertising, what is Copy?

A

This is the writing on the media product.
Which of our media set texts uses a lot of copy? Why?

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40
Q

In magazines and magazine-themed websites, what are cover lines?

A

The written text that features on the cover of the magazine/website providing a preview of the content that features inside.

How do Cover Lines help to promote the ideology or the discourse of the product?

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41
Q

What is meant by cross-platform marketing?

A

When one form is advertised on another media platform. For example, BBC One will broadcast promotional advertisements for its radio stations; these will also be on the BBC website.

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42
Q

In gaming, what is an RPG?

A

RPG stands for Role-Playing Game.

What features within the Assassin’s Creed games come from this genre? Why would Ubisoft be interested in adopting RPG elements into it’s games?

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43
Q

Within Media audiences, what is meant by Cultural Competences?

A

Within a media context, this concept suggests that the cultural competence of an audience is the shared knowledge, related to their cultural understanding, of that audience, which means that they will take a particular pleasure from a media product. For example, the audience who understand and engage with the rules of Assassin’s Creed, and have a certain computer/video game literacy, will enjoy the control aspect of the game and the online sharing of techniques.

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44
Q

Regarding Stuart Hall, what is meant by Decoding?

A

This is the process through which an audience interprets a message.

What are the key contexts which would cause audiences to decode a message in different ways?

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45
Q

In relation to audiences, what is meant by demographic profiling?

A

This is a way of categorising audiences by dividing consumers into groups based on age, sex, income, education, occupation, household size, marital status, home ownership or other factors.
This information is of use to some media industries, for example it can help advertisers determine their target audience for particular products and develop adverts that focus on a specific demographic.

What is the primary demographic for Tide or Super.Human?

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46
Q

What is meant by a Denotation?

A

The literal or common-sense meaning of a sign rather than the associated meaning of the sign.

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47
Q

Regarding audiences, what is meant by Desensitisation?

A

This is a psychological process which suggests that audiences who are exposed regularly to acts of violence through films and video games, for example, are increasingly less likely to feel empathy or concern when exposed to violence, bad language or other forms of aggressive behaviour.
Which theorist is most likely to be associated to this argument?

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48
Q

In audio codes, what is meant by Diegetic?

A

This is sound that is part of the mise-en-scène and can be heard by characters in the scene. For example, a gunshot as we see it being fired in a crime drama.
Why is diegetic sound important in an advert like Super.Human?

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49
Q

Regarding audio codes, what is meant by the ‘Diegetic World’?

A

The world in which the story takes place. For example, when we talk about diegetic sound we are talking about sound that appears to come from within the scene itself.

Why is diegetic sound important for a film like I ,Daniel Blake?

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50
Q

Regarding social media, what is a Digital Influencer?

A

Someone with a significant online following who has the ability to shape and influence the opinions or behaviour of their followers. Also known as an online influencer.

In what ways is KSI a digital influencer?

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51
Q

What is meant by discourse?

A

The topics and language used by a media text and the way they are used. There are certain topics that would never appear in the discourse of a magazine such as Vogue or Men’s Health. The discourse for this magazine tends to centre on image and how to look good.
What discourses are apparent in a product like Tide?

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52
Q

What is Disposable Income?

A

The money left when bills, etc. have been paid that can be spent on items such as luxury goods and non-essentials. The people with high disposable incomes can be targeted by advertisers.

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53
Q

In Media Industries, what is meant by Distribution?

A

The link between the producer and the audience; refers to all the strategies used in the release, marketing and promotion of the product.
How has the distribution process changed due to digital technology?

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54
Q

In Media Industries, what is meant by diversification?

A

This involves expanding a company’s operations into new or different areas of business.

In what ways has Ubisoft or The Mirror/The Times diversified into other areas of business?

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55
Q

What is meant by the Domestic Sphere?

A

The private space of the home, as opposed to the public world of work, for example.

How does the Tide advert attempt to empower women who reside in the domestic sphere?

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56
Q

In Reception theory, what is meant by the dominant-hegemonic position?

A

The position that the media encoder encourages the decoder to adopt when interpreting a text.
If they adopt the dominant-hegemonic position they read or interpret the message in the way that the encoder intended, making a preferred reading.

What audience profile is most likely to adopt this reading for the Tide advert?

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57
Q

Within Media Language and Representation, what is meant by Dominant Ideology?

A

A set of values and beliefs that have broader social or cultural currency. This may be implicit or explicit as is evident in texts such as tabloid newspapers.

What is the dominant ideology on The Mirror front page set text?

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58
Q

Within Media Industries, what is meant by Dual Revenue Streams?

A

Media products that generate revenue from two different sources (from readers and advertisers, for example) are said to have dual revenue streams.

How do video games like Assassin’s Creed have dual revenue streams?

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59
Q

What is meant when media language, representations, industries or audiences are dynamic?

A

It means they are constantly changing, evolving and progressing.

What Component 1 set text demonstrates this at its fullest?

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60
Q

In Media Language (particularly aspects of genre), what is meant by a Dystopia?

A

A world or society that is as bad or dysfunctional as can be imagined – a world full of crime, violence or oppression, for example

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61
Q

In Media Language, what is meant by editing?

A

The way in which the shots are put together to create a particular effect. Editing can be described in terms of pace and the transitions that are employed

What style of editing is used in Beyonce’s Formation Music Video?

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62
Q

In newspapers, what is an Editorial?

A

The part of the newspaper written, supposedly, by the editor who comments on the day’s stories. It offers an opportunity for the paper to express its views and to demonstrate its values, attitudes and beliefs.

Find an editorial in a national newspaper ( e.g.like the Mirror, Sun, Guardian, The Times). What does the editorial tell us about the values, attitudes and beliefs of the paper?

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63
Q

In magazines, what is meant by an Editorial Philosophy?

A

This refers to a magazine’s underlying values, attitudes and beliefs, and the particular viewpoint that it adopts.
The editorial philosophy helps to determine the style and content of the magazine. It influences decisions regarding what should and what should not be included in the magazine, and shapes and informs the magazine’s mode of address and the way in which the content is presented to the reader.

Have a look at the style and content of a magazine in the library or in one of the Media classrooms. What does it tell us about the magazine’s values, attitudes and beliefs?

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64
Q

Within media language, what is meant by an Effect?

A

This refers to the impact a code (like a technical, visual or audio code) may have upon an audience.

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65
Q

Within Media Language, what is an ellipsis?

A

This is where sentences are incomplete and instead are finished with a set of three dots; the words need to be filled in by the reader.

Within Semiotics, what type of code is this?

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66
Q

What is meant by an Emerging Media?

A

This refers to communication through digital technology and new platforms with interactive elements, for example podcasts, social media, etc.

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67
Q

What is meant by Encoding?

A

This is where media producers communicate their ideas and messages through a system of signs and codes.

Why is the Encoding process important?

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68
Q

In Semiotics, define an Enigma Code.

A

Enigma codes are the questions or mysteries that a narrative sets up in order to make the audience continue watching. Roland Barthes refers to this as the hermeneutic code.

Identify an enigma code that is found in the Tide advert. What is the purpose of the Enigma Code, and how is it encoded?

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69
Q

Regarding narratology, what is meant by an Equilibrium?

A

This is a state of balance, stability or order.
In Todorov’s narrative theory, it refers to the status quo – a normal state of affairs. For example, the initial state of equilibrium in a television programme might involve people going about their normal, day-to-day business.

What state of equilibrium do we find Daniel Blake in at the beginning of I, Daniel Blake?

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70
Q

In Representation, what is meant by Essentialisation?

A

This is a process that involves ascribing certain traits or characteristics to someone by nature.
As those traits are seen to be a part of that person’s nature or essence, this means that they are fixed and cannot be changed.

How does this relate to the concept of Stereotyping?

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71
Q

In representation, what is meant by Ethnicity?

A

Many people confuse ethnicity and race.
Your ethnicity is defined by your cultural identity, which may demonstrate itself through customs, dress or food, for example. Ethnicity suggests an identity that is based on a sense of place, ideology or religion. You can be British but of Jewish ethnicity, for instance.

What Ethnicities are being represented in the Formation music video?

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72
Q

In Representation, what is meant by Ethnocentrism?

A

Roger Brown defines ethnocentrism as ‘the application of the norms of one’s own culture to that of others’ (Social Psychology, 1965, page 183).
Stuart Hall refers to this definition in his theory of representation as he suggests that ethnocentrism is an example of the way in which stereotypes reinforce the power of certain groups over others.
Ethnocentrism is the belief that your own cultural or ethnic group is superior to other cultural or ethnic groups.

How does a text like Formation address aspects of Ethnocentrism?

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73
Q

In Media Industries, what is meant by Event Television?

A

Describes programmes such as, for example, the final of The Great British Bake Off, that attract a large, live audience and as such become an ‘event’.

Within Video Games, what recent releases or marketing would be considered ‘events’ or ‘Event Gaming’?

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74
Q

Within Media Industries, what is meant by Exhibition?

A

This relates to all the opportunities available to an audience to view a film, including at multiplex and independent art house cinemas, at film festivals and online via Streaming Platforms.

How do I, Daniel Blake and Black Panther differ in the way that they were exhibited?

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75
Q

In Media Industries, what is meant by a flagship show?

A

A programme that has particular importance for a channel or broadcaster – one that attracts particularly high ratings, for example, or one that is strongly identified with the channel

How is the Super.Human (Tokyo 2020) advert evident that Channel 4 see the Paralympics as a flagship event? Think about production value and celebrity endorsement!

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76
Q

Within Television and narratology, what is meant by a flexi-narrative?

A

This is a narrative structure that combines aspects of the series and the serial. For example, while each episode may feature a self-contained narrative, character relationships may develop over the course of several episodes forming a broader story arc

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77
Q

Within Film and Television, what is meant by ‘fly-on-the-wall’?

A

This is a form of documentary filmmaking in which the camera is an invisible presence, positioning the viewer voyeuristically as an unseen observer – hence the term ‘fly-on-the-wall.

Which of the set texts have we studied could be said to be using ‘fly-on-the-wall’ filmmaking in order to construct authenticity?

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78
Q

In Media Audiences, what is a Focus Group?

A

This is a form of qualitative research in which a group of people are asked about their perceptions, opinions, beliefs and attitudes about a product. The aim is to help the producers of the product to ascertain the needs of their target audience.

What media industries are most likely to use focus groups, and why?

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79
Q

Within Media Language, what is meant when a media product has a formulaic structure?

A

This is where the text has a clear structure that is recognisable and rarely changes. For example, the front cover of a lifestyle magazine has key conventions and the audience has expectations of what will appear throughout the publication.
Which of our Component 1 set texts could be argued follows a formulaic structure?

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80
Q

What is meant by a Franchise?

A

This is a series of related media products, for example films, that are recognisable by their common elements, such as the same fictional universe or characters. Franchises are lucrative for film producers as audiences know what to expect and may be fans of the previous films in the franchise.

Which of our industry theorists discusses the importance of franchises?

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81
Q

In Media Representation, what is meant by a Gatekeeper?

A

A person or organisation that is involved in filtering content in some way. For example, in the newspaper industry, editors generally perform this gatekeeping function as they determine which stories make it into the paper (through the gate) and which do not.

In what ways is gatekeeping evident in the front cover for The Mirror and the Times?

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82
Q

In Media Representation, what is meant by Gender Norms?

A

Gender Norms are cultural expectations regarding how men and women should act or behave – the patterns of behaviour that a particular society considers to be ‘normal’ for men or women

In what ways do representations of gender in Formation and Seventeen Going Under conform to or challenge gender norms?

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83
Q

In advertising, what is meant by ‘Hard Sell’?

A

This is ‘in your face’ advertising. These adverts are usually short, loud and employ a direct mode of address. They give clear information about the product, for example the price and where you can get it.

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84
Q

Describe ‘Hegemony’

A

The dominance of one group over another. For example, a patriarchal society could be described as an example of male hegemony while a predominantly white institution could be described as hegemonically white.

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85
Q

In Media Industries, define what is meant by Horizontal Integration

A

The process through which different companies that produce or distribute similar products join together through a merger or acquisition. This reduces competition and enables companies to increase their market share.

What media products have we studied so far are part of a horizontally integrated organisation? What benefits do media brands have when part of a horizontally integrated conglomerate?

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86
Q

Define Hybrid Genres

A

These are media texts that incorporate features of more than one genre. Strictly Come Dancing includes features of reality television, game shows and entertainment programmes, for example!

What genres are hybridised in products such as Assassin’s Creed or the Formation music video?

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87
Q

In magazines and print adverts, what is a hyperbole?

A

Exaggerated language used to create a dramatic effect.

What examples of hyperbole can you find in the Tide advert?

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88
Q

In Media Representations, what is meant by hypermasculinity?

A

Where stereotypically masculine traits such as power, toughness or physical strength are presented in exaggerated form. In many cases this is conveyed symbolically through particular aspects of the iconography or mise-en-scène – cars and guns often function as symbols of masculine power, for example.

How do music videos like Seventeen Going Under and A Little Bit of Love challenge aspects of hypermasculinity?

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89
Q

In Advertising and Film Industries, what is meant by Guerilla Marketing?

A

Guerilla Marketing is about creating unconventional methods of marketing to boost sales and attract interest in a brand or media product.
What Guerilla marketing strategies were used by eOne for I, Daniel Blake?

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90
Q

What is the difference between vertical and horizontal intervention?

A

Vertical Integration= when a company owns all the means by which to produce, distribute and circulate their own media products.

Horizontal= when a media company buys up other competition that produce same/similar products.

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91
Q

What are some of the impacts of digital convergence?

A

Weaker regulation, increase of marketing through social media and better reach for specialised audiences.

92
Q

Q: What are the three ways a media product can be decoded and what do they mean?

A

A: Preferred - when someone agrees with the message of a media product

Negotiated - when someone agrees and disagrees with some

Oppositional - when someone disagrees

93
Q

In Media Language, what is meant by Iconography?

A

The visual elements of a media product such as the props, costumes and settings that are used.

Stretch: what types of media products do we often use this term for?

94
Q

In Television and Online Media, what is an ident?

A

A graphic that conveys a sense of a channel’s (TV or Youtube) identity. It plays an important role in the visual branding of the channel.

Stretch: What does the idents found on BBC Sounds or KSI’s website tell us about their brand identity?

95
Q

What are the key areas of study when discussing industry contexts?

A

Industry contexts include aspects of production, including the media organisation, production processes, distribution and marketing, and regulatory issues.

96
Q

In Media Language, what is intertextuality?

A

When one text is used or referenced within another. For example, the use of memorable scenes from an iconic film in an advert. A good example of intertextuality is the use of Yoda from Star Wars in the Vodafone advert.

Stretch: Which set texts have direct or indirect intertextual references?

97
Q

What is meant by Inter-weaving plot strands?

A

Some television dramas include three or more narratives in their opening sequences and then move the action between these narratives to keep the audience’s attention.

98
Q

In magazines, what is meant by a Jump Line?

A

These are used at the end of a cover line. Usually tells the audience which page to turn to in order to read the full story.

Stretch: what types of magazines often have jumplines on their front covers?

99
Q

In Media Language (particularly in editing), What is meant by a juxtaposition?

A

A Juxtaposition involves placing two or more items next to one another to meaningful effect.

Stretch: what type of editing often involves using juxtapositions to create meaning?

100
Q

Regarding political contexts, what is meant by left-wing?

A

This is a term that refers to people whose views are left of the centre of politics. They believe that existing social inequalities must be addressed and they have more liberal political views.

Stretch: how does I, Daniel Blake demonstrate it’s left-wing ideology in how it was marketed?

101
Q

What is meant by a left-wing newspaper?

A

Those that tend to support political parties such as the Labour party and socialist policies that advocate social equality.

Stretch: how does the Mirror front page demonstrate it’s left-wing viewpoint using media language?

102
Q

What is a ‘Let’s Play’ Video?

A

A recording of someone playing a video game, usually accompanied by some form of commentary.

Stretch: how is this an example of a Textual Poacher?

Stretch: how does this sometimes contribute to the success of a video game?

103
Q

In Media Language, what is meant by Lexis?

A

The specific type of language or vocabulary that is used. The football magazine Four Four Two uses the lexis of sport, for example, while the women’s lifestyle magazine Glamour uses the lexis of fashion and beauty

104
Q

What is a lifestyle magazine?

A

An umbrella term for men’s and women’s magazines that are concerned with aspects of modern living such as fashion, beauty, health and fitness, culture, the home, etc. The ideology of these magazines tends to focus on consumerism and aspiration.

What brands of magazines do you know focus on ‘lifestyle’?

105
Q

What is meant by a mainstream publisher?

A

This is a term applied to media producers who create products, for example magazines, that appeal to and are therefore read by a broad number of people.

Stretch: name 3 magazine publishers that could be classed as mainstream.

106
Q

Within the film industry, give an example of a mark of quality.

A

In the case of films, usually the film logo, the director’s name or references to other successful films made by this director. These are included to convince the audience that this new film is a quality product.

Apply: What marks of quality are evident on the posters for I,Daniel Blake and Black Panther?

107
Q

In representations, what is meant by masculinity?

A

The state of ‘being a man’, which can change as society changes. It is essentially what being a man means to a particular generation. This is then reflected in media texts.

Apply: how does the representation of masculinity reflect Sam Fender’s/Tom Grennan’s ideology?

108
Q

Define ‘Masthead’

A

The title of the newspaper/magazine presented in the form of a logo. Many magazines use a specially designed typeface for the masthead. This is useful for branding and can also help to distinguish the magazine from its competitors

109
Q

In Media Audiences, what is meant by Mean World Syndrome?

A

This is the idea that regular exposure to television or certain media products can lead to a distorted view of the real world. In particular, the disproportionate representation of crime on television is likely to make viewers think that the world is a ‘meaner’ or more dangerous place than it actually is.

Which theorist invented this term?

110
Q

What is meant by ‘Media Language’?

A

The way in which the meaning of a media product is conveyed to the audience through a range of techniques

Apply: What are the 6 key categories of codes we associate with Media Language?

111
Q

What is a Media/Press Pack?

A

Put together by the owners of products, for example magazines and newspapers, and is intended to give information to advertisers. It informs them about the details of the assumed target audience, including income, marital status and age. It usually gives a pen portrait of the audience. The pack also includes the rates to place an advertisement in the print publication. However, they are also a useful resource for media students and can be downloaded or requested from the magazine.

Stretch: why does this apply to Curran and Seaton’s ideas regarding Media and Power?

112
Q

What is a ‘Meet and Greet’?

A

An event at which a celebrity or public figure meets and interacts with their fans.

Apply: how does this help media products attract a specialised audience?

113
Q

What is Mise-en-scene?

A

Everything that appears within the frame in, for example, a television programme. This includes characters, iconography and graphics

Apply: Take an unseen text (such as a music video, newspaper front page or advert). Then identify the different aspects of the mise-en-scene.

114
Q

What is meant by monetisation?

A

The process through which a product or service – a blog or vlog for example – is converted into a source of commercial revenue.

Stretch: how is Assassin’s Creed Rebellion an example of media monetisation?

115
Q

In media Language, what is a motif?

A

A recurrent thematic element used by an artist and recognised by fans of that artist. It is usually established by the iconography surrounding the artist, including props, costumes and settings.

Apply: what motifs can be identified in the Formation music video?

116
Q

In Media Industries and Audiences, what is meant by the multi-channel era?

A

The idea that following the introduction of satellite and cable television in the 1990s and the rise of digital technologies, viewers now have a much wider range of channels to choose from.

117
Q

In Media Theory, what is meant by narratology?

A

This refers to the study of narrative structure and how this communicates meaning through, for example, common conventions and signs.

Stretch: what are the key stages of Todorov’s narratology?

118
Q

In Media Industries and Audiences, what is narrowcasting?

A

Unlike broadcasting, which addresses the needs of a mass audience, narrowcasting targets more specialised audiences.

Apply: how is Have You Heard George’s Podcast a possible example of narrowcasting?

119
Q

In Media Audiences, what is meant by a negotiated position?

A

The position an audience takes if they acknowledge the broad legitimacy of the messages a media product contains, but adapt those messages to better reflect their own experiences.

Apply: how could the Super.Human (Tokyo 2020) advert incite negotiated positions?

120
Q

In Media Representations, what is a ‘New Man’?

A

A term that was introduced to describe a new era of masculinity. These men rejected sexist attitudes; they were in touch with their feminine side and were therefore not afraid to be sensitive and caring, and could sometimes be seen in a domestic role.

121
Q

In Newspapers, what is meant by a news agenda?

A

The list of stories that may be in a particular paper. The items on the news agenda will reflect the style and ethos of the paper.

Apply: how does the news agenda of The Mirror and The Times reflect their ideologies (and their audiences’ tastes)?

122
Q

In Media Audiences, what is meant by a Niche Audience?

A

A relatively small audience with specialised interests, tastes and backgrounds.

Apply: what evidence from Have You Heard George’s Podcast suggests that it is attempting to target a niche audience?

123
Q

In Media Language, what is Non-Diegetic Sound?

A

Essentially, sound the characters within the frame cannot hear. It is sound that may have been added post-production or has been used to suggest mood and atmosphere.

Stretch: how does non-diegetic audio help media producers to encode meaning?

124
Q

In Media Industries and Audiences, what is meant by non-linear viewing?

A

When viewers watch programmes at times of their choosing, whether by using video-on-demand services or by streaming, downloading or watching programmes that have been recorded. Linear viewing, on the other hand, is where programmes are viewed at the time of broadcast.

125
Q

In Representations, what is meant by Objective Truth?

A

The idea that there is a single definitive version of events that is not subject to personal interpretation.

Theory apply: why would Stuart Hall argue that there is no such thing as ‘one true meaning’?

126
Q

What are Opinion Leaders?

A

Those in positions of power who aim to persuade an audience of their point of view. Within the media these may be newspaper editors, programme producers or bloggers (online content creators).

Apply: in what ways do The Mirror and The Times attempt to position themselves as Opinion Leaders?

127
Q

In Media Audiences, what is meant by an Oppositional Reading?

A

The interpretation an audience member makes of a media product if they disagree with the messages or values it conveys.

Apply: why would contemporary audiences have an oppositional reading to the way women are represented in the ‘Tide’ advert?

128
Q

In Media Language Theory, what is meant by the Process of Signification?

A

Roland Barthes draws a distinction between two ‘orders’ or ‘levels’ of signification. The first order of signification involves denotation. The second order of signification involves connotation and myth.

What is meant by Denotation and Connotation?

129
Q

In Media Industries, what is a Paparazzi Photographer?

A

A freelance photographer who aggressively pursues celebrities, politicians and royalty to take pictures to sell to magazines and newspapers for the highest price.

Apply: what type of newspaper is more likely to use paparazzi photographers?

130
Q

In Media Language, what is meant by a Paradigm?

A

A set of related signs that the encoder can choose from – the set of colours that a magazine designer might choose from, for instance, or the set of font styles that they might select from. In choosing one sign rather than another, the encoder or media producer makes a paradigmatic choice.

Apply: what paradigmatic choices have been made in the Mirror and The Times?

131
Q

In Media Language and Audiences, what is a para-social interaction?

A

The illusion of face-to-face conversation constructed through techniques such as a direct mode of address. The term was originally coined by Horton and Wohl in their article ‘Mass Communication and Parasocial Interaction: Observations on Intimacy at a Distance’, which was first published in Psychiatry, 19, in 1956.
While Horton and Wohl’s concept of para-social interaction was initially applied to mass media forms such as television, it has subsequently been applied to online media forms such as blogs and vlogs.

Apply: how do media producers like Vogue and KSI utilise para-social interactions?

132
Q

In Media Audiences, what is meant by a Participatory Culture?

A

A culture where individuals are not only the consumers of media products but also contribute to existing products or produce their own.

Apply: What are some of the characteristics of a participatory culture in video gaming?

133
Q

In Media Audiences, what is meant by Participatory Media?

A

This term explains the way in which audiences today are increasingly seen to play an active role in finding, reporting, creating and disseminating media content. This has been made easier by the rise of social media and online platforms.

Apply: How does this relate to Clay Shirky’s End-of-Audience theory?

134
Q

In Media Audiences, what is meant by a Passive Audience?

A

This describes an audience that does not engage actively with the product. They are more likely to accept the preferred meaning of the text without challenge. This also suggests that passive audiences are more likely to be directly affected by the messages contained within the product.

Stretch: how do Henry Jenkins and Clay Shirky prove that audiences are not passive?

135
Q

In video gaming, what is PEGI?

A

The Pan-European Game Information (PEGI) age rating system was established to help European parents make informed decisions on buying computer games. It was launched in spring 2003 and replaced a number of national age rating systems with one single system.

Apply: Which UK regulatory body uses the PEGI rating system?

136
Q

What is meant by a periodical?

A

A publication that is issued at regular intervals – weekly, monthly, quarterly, etc.

How often are products like Vogue and The Big Issue issued?

137
Q

In Media representation, what is meant by Pick-n-Mix?

A

The idea that audiences may pay attention to some media messages but disregard others. For example, Gauntlett refers to the ‘pick and mix reader’ who actively chooses which bits of the magazine to take notice of and which to ignore.

Apply: how does this relate to representations?

138
Q

In Media coursework, what is a Pitch?

A

A presentation of ideas for a new media product to a selected audience with the aim of persuading them of the viability of the project.

Apply: why is it important to build a ‘Pitch’ for your Media Production?

139
Q

In Media Industries, what is a platform?

A

A range of different ways of communicating to an audience, for example television, social media, etc.

Stretch: link the word ‘Platform’ to ‘Media Diversification’

140
Q

In Media representations and audiences, what is a Point of Identification?

A

A character within the text that the audience can identify with or relate to.

Apply: what is significant about the different representations in Formation, Seventeen Going Under and Super.Human (Tokyo 2020)?

141
Q

In Media Language, what is a point-of-view shot?

A

A shot that is filmed from the perspective of a particular person or character within the text.

Apply: how is this an example of a narrative code?

142
Q

In Media Contexts and Representations, what is meant by political bias?

A

When a newspaper may show support for a political party through its choice of stories, style of coverage, cartoons, etc. It may be subtle and implicit or explicit as in the case of the tabloids on Election Day.

Apply: how do the Mirror and the Times use media language to convey their political bias?

143
Q

In Media Language, what is meant by polysemic?

A

A sign that has more than one meaning.

Apply: what types of signs or codes can potentially have more than one meaning?

144
Q

In Media Audiences, what is meant audience positioning?

A

When audio, visual, technical or narrative codes place the audience in a particular position. This may be emotionally to empathise more clearly with a character, or to have expectations of how the narrative will develop.

Apply: how does the construction of representations Super.Human (Tokyo 2020) advert position audiences?

145
Q

In Media Production, what is meant by post-production?

A

The term for any production work that takes place on moving or still images after the initial filming or photography shoot has taken place.

Apply: what practices are used in a post-production?

146
Q

What is meant when a media product is pre-sold?

A

When a product has a ready-made audience, thereby minimising financial risk. A product may be pre-sold based on the previous success of similar types of product or it may be pre-sold through the inclusion of popular and well-known figures

Apply: what do Ken Loach and Marvel Studios have in common?

147
Q

In Television, what is a pre-title sequence?

A

Refers to the section of the television programme shown before the opening credits. Its purpose is to hook the audience.

Stretch: complete an analysis of a pre-title sequence for a TV programme you enjoy. Why does the programme have a pre-title sequence?

148
Q

In Media Production, what is meant by Primary Research?

A

Information you gain first-hand from looking at actual examples of existing media products, for example television drama opening sequences. Primary research allows you to formulate your own opinions.

Apply: why is primary research important for your Media Production?

149
Q

In Television, what is meant by Prime-Time viewing?

A

The time when most viewers are likely to be watching television. Broadcasters will generally schedule their most popular programmes in prime-time slots. Prime-time is defined by Ofcom as the period between 6pm and 10.30pm.

Stretch: how has digital technology impacted the idea of prime-time viewing?

150
Q

In Media Industries, what is meant by privatisation?

A

When a company is taken out of public ownership and sold to a private bidder.

Stretch: what potential impact occurs when a public media company or product becomes privatised?

151
Q

In Media Industries, what is meant by production value?

A

The features of a media product that illustrate how much it cost to make. A high-budget film is recognisable by its settings, use of stars and more complex editing, for example. The reverse is true of low-budget films

Apply: name two additional features which demonstrate the difference between high and low production value

152
Q

What is meant by a media product?

A

What is produced by media organisations, for example films, video games, television programmes and music videos.

Stretch: why is the word ‘product’ used when describing a piece of media?

153
Q

In Media Industries and Audiences, what is meant by a Profile?

A

For radio stations this refers to how they are defined to their target audience through their brand identity, which may be defined by, for example, the presenters or programme style. This includes their aims and their ethos.

Apply: how does BBC Radio 1’s profile differ from BBC Radio 5?

154
Q

What is meant by a Promise of Pleasure?

A

Phrases that tell the audience what they will experience through the film, for example fear, laughter. The audience will then have expectations of the film.

Apply: What types of film marketing products use Promises of Pleasure?

155
Q

In Media Language and Representations, what is meant by a Proppian Princess?

A

The princess or ‘sought-for person’ is one of the character roles or narrative functions identified in Vladimir Propp’s narrative theory. The princess is often the object of the hero’s quest. Another term commonly used for this type of role is the damsel in distress.

Apply: how does KOTV challenge this traditional idea of the Proppian Princess?

156
Q

In Media Audiences, what is meant by a Prosumer?

A

Derives from a marketing term ‘production by consumers’ and is used to describe those individuals who comment on, create and adapt existing content, and then distribute it through the internet and social media. These people can be very valuable to the success of a product.

Apply: how does a company like Ubisoft take advantage of Prosumers?

157
Q

In Media Audiences, what is meant by Psychographic Profiling?

A

A way of categorising audiences based on personality, values, opinions, attitudes and lifestyles.

Stretch: what are the 7 psychographic profiles identified by Young and Rubicam?

158
Q

In Media Industries, what is a Public Service Broadcaster?

A

A radio or television broadcaster that is seen to offer a public service by catering for a range of tastes and audiences. The main public service broadcasters in the UK are the BBC, Channel 4, and S4C.

Stretch: how are many PSBs funded?

159
Q

In Media Industries, what is meant by a Publisher-Broadcaster?

A

A broadcaster that commissions all of its programmes from other production companies as it does not have its own in-house production division.

Apply: to what extent is Netflix a publisher-broadcaster?

160
Q

In Media Representations, what is meant by Race?

A

Your race is defined by the fact that you descend from a common ancestor giving you a particular set of racial characteristics. These may be related to the colour of your skin and facial features, for example.

Why is it important to discuss representation of race in certain media texts?

161
Q

In Media Industries, what is meant by Readership?

A

An estimate of how many readers a publication has. As most publications have more than one reader per copy, the readership estimate is very different from the circulation count. These figures were previously produced by the National Readership Survey (NRS), which operated from 1956 until 2018. They are now provided by the Publishers Audience Measurement Company (PAMCo).

Apply: how has digital technology changed notions around readership?

162
Q

In Media Production, what is meant by a Recce?

A

An informal term derived from the word reconnoitre. In a media context this is a preproduction visit to a location to work out its suitability for photographing or filming. This may take into consideration possible technical issues, for example sound and lighting.

Apply: why is it important that you conduct a Recce if you are doing a TV/Music production or a photoshoot for your magazine/Film Marketing campaign?

163
Q

In Media Industries, what is meant by a remit?

A

A remit outlines a broadcaster’s particular areas of responsibility. For example, the BBC’s duty to provide impartial news coverage is specified in its remit

What are the main remits of the BBC? How are these reflected in products like Have You Heard George’s Podcast?

164
Q

In Media language, what is meant by a repetoire of elements?

Hint: consider this key term in relation to Genre!

A

This refers to key features or conventions that distinguish one genre or sub-genre from another

Stretch: consider the repetoire of elements that distinguish a tabloid newspaper to a ‘quality’ newspaper, or a performance music video to a concept music video!

165
Q

What on earth does Representation actually mean?

A

This refers to the ways in which the media represents the world and aspects of it, for example social groups, issues and events

Stretch: what are the five key questions Stuart Hall recommends answering when analysing media representations?

166
Q

In Medial Language, what is meant a Restricted Narrative?

A

When the audience only sees the narrative from the point of view of one character so only knows as much as they do.

Stretch: what Film and TV genres specialise in this form of narrative code?

167
Q

What is meant by right-wing newspapers?

A

Those that tend to support political parties such as the Conservative Party and Reform UK; they tend to believe in the free market and oppose socialism

Stretch: how do newspapers like The Times, The Daily Mail and The Telegraph convey their right-wing values and beliefs?

168
Q

In regards to Media Industries, what is meant by being risk averse?

A

Describes companies that are unwilling to take risks and that avoid them wherever possible. This means that they often adhere to an established formula and avoid doing anything different that might have a negative impact on sales

Stretch: According to Hesmondhalgh, what are the key ways that media industries minimise risk?

169
Q
A
170
Q
A

Describes companies that are unwilling to take risks and that avoid them wherever possible. This means that they often adhere to an established formula and avoid doing anything different that might have a negative impact on sales

171
Q

Regarding Media Industries, what is meant by Scheduling?

A

This refers to making decisions about when to broadcast programmes

Stretch: how does the non-scheduling nature of podcasting (such as Have You Heard George’s Podcast?) appeal to specific audiences?

172
Q

In Representation analysis, what is meant by Selection?

A

This refers to what is chosen to be included by the creators of the product. This selection may reflect the values, attitudes and beliefs of the product, as decisions have been made about what to include and what to leave out

Stretch: how does the selection process reflect the values and attitudes of The Mirror?

173
Q

What is meant by a self-contained Narrative?

A

When a complete story is told within a single episode. Consumers do not have to have seen or interacted with any previous episodes or products within the franchise in order to follow the story

Stretch: to what extent is this true of a franchise like Assassin’s Creed? What types of audiences are being attracted by having a partially self-contained narrative?

174
Q

In representations, what is meant by self-identification?

A

This refers to how you see yourself and how you may categorise yourself as belonging to a particular group or class, for example a skater, a member of the Green Party, etc.

Stretch: what self-identification is occuring in Seventeen Going Under? How are both the artist and the target audience self-identifying?

175
Q

In Media Language, what is Semiotics?

A

The language of codes and signs; it deals with the way in which media texts are encoded and the way in which audiences decode them

Stretch: what is meant by denotation and connotation?

176
Q

In Representations, what is meant by sexual politics?

A

This refers to the power relations between men and women.

Stretch: how do the representations of gender in Tide and KOTV reflect sexual politics at the time they were produced?

177
Q

In Media Language, what is meant by a sign?

A

A sign is something that stands in for or represents something else. A photograph or a drawing of a car, for example, is not the same as the thing itself (we cannot climb in and drive it); it is a sign that stands for the actual object

Stretch: what signs can you identify in the Formation music video? What do these signs stand in for or represent?

178
Q

In Media Audiences, what is meant by a Silver Surfer?

A

An older person who is computer literate and uses the net to purchase goods and find out information

Stretch: how do the The Times attempt to appeal to this psychographic?

179
Q

In Media Representations, what is meant by Socialisation?

A

The process through which we learn the norms and values of our culture. Gender socialisation, for example, refers to the way in which we learn what is expected of us as men and women. The media are often said to play an important role in this regard, functioning as agents of socialisation

Stretch: what would Gauntlett argue about this idea? Are audiences as passive as this?

180
Q

In Media Language, what is meant by a Standfirst?

Hint: think about certain print products…

A

The sentence after a headline and before an article begins that ‘sells’ a feature to a reader.

Stretch: Why is this more likely to appear in a magazine than a newspaper?

181
Q

In Media Language and Industries, what is meant by Star billing?

A

The positioning of the names of the stars on the poster; where the names are placed and how large they are suggest the importance of the particular star to the film and its marketing

Stretch: how does the star billing on the poster of Black Panther reflect social and cultura contexts?

182
Q

In Media Representations, what is meant by Star Persona?

A

Used to refer to those music stars who have an identity beyond their ability to make music, for example Beyoncé. That persona may be demonstrated through character and personality, and be evident in other media products and platforms, for example magazine interviews and advertising campaigns. Some stars are adept at changing their star persona to keep fans interested; this is true of Taylor Swift and KSI! The producer of the star may be instrumental in creating their persona.

Stretch: how do the representations constructed in Formation add to Beyonce’s star persona?

183
Q

In Media Industries, what is meant by Statutory Regulation?

A

A system of regulation that is implemented by law. It is often seen to threaten the principles of self-regulation – a system in which media industries assume responsibility for regulating themselves, limiting the need for outside interference.

Stretch: What would Livingstone and Lunt argue about how digital technology has impacted statutory regulation?

Stretch further: To what extent are IPSO a statutory regulator?

184
Q

In Media Representations, what is meant by a stereotype?

A

This is a construction whereby characters’ traits are over-exaggerated to make them easily recognisable. Stereotypes can be positive or negative and are quick ways for the creators of products to convey messages to an audience

Stretch: Stuart Hall would argue that stereotypes tend to occur when there are…?

185
Q

In Media Industries, what is meant by Stripping?

A

This is a technique used in radio and television whereby a certain programme is broadcast at the same time every day. In radio this attracts an audience who associate a particular programme with their daily routine, for example driving home from work

Stretch: how does Have You Heard George’s Podcast reflect changes occuring within the radio industry?

Stretch further: what impact does a lack of stripping with HYHGP? cause?

186
Q

In Media Language, what is meant by a sub-genre?

A

A smaller category or subdivision within a larger genre

Stretch: what sub-genre conventions are being communicated in Assassin’s Creed: Valhalla?
Stretch further: why do AAA games attempt to adopt multiple sub-genres within one game?

187
Q

What is meant by subject-specific terminology?

A

Media Studies as a subject has a range of specific terminology that you must be able to use when analysing products. This may be vocabulary specific to the form or terminology that enhances your analysis, for example the language of semiotics.

Stretch: what is the difference between a Satisfactory Media student and a Good/Outstanding Media student?

Stretch further: what types of terminology are specific to Media Studies?

188
Q

With Media Audiences, what is meant by Suspension of Disbelief?

A

This is where the audience are involved in the action and do not question impossible aspects of it; for example the sound of dramatic music in a crime drama confrontation scene.

189
Q

In Media Language, what is meant by a symbol?

A

A sign that suggests another idea beyond the simple denotation, the meaning of which has been culturally agreed. A woman wearing a red dress in a music video may symbolise that she is passionate or dangerous!

Stretch: What symoblic codes are being used in Seventeen Going Under?

Stretch further: how are symbolic codes being used in Seventeen Going Under to quickly construct representations?

190
Q

In Media Representations and Audiences, what is meant by Symbolic Annihilation?

A

The idea that the underrepresentation of particular social groups works to maintain social inequalities by denying those groups any meaningful presence, thereby rendering them silent or invisible. As Gerbner and Gross put it:** ‘representation […] signifies social existence; absence means symbolic annihilation’** (1976, ‘Living with Television: The Violence Profile’, Journal of Communication, 1976, 26(2))

Stretch: what aspects of previous symbolic annihilation is being addressed in a product Have You Heard George’s Podcast?

191
Q

In Media Industries, what is meant by Synergy?

A

A term used to describe the cross-promotion of products – the theme song for a Bond movie such as Spectre will help to promote the film, for instance, while the film will also help to promote the theme song. Synergy is therefore about different products and processes working together

Apply to set texts: what examples of synergies occured during Black Panther’s marketing campaign?

Apply to set texts II: what makes synergy conventional of mainstream film products?

192
Q

In Media Language, what is meant by Syntagm?

A

A combination of signs that are linked together in particular ways. A sentence, for example, is a syntagm that is comprised of words placed in a particular sequence in order to convey meaning. Syntagmatic relations are the relations between different signs

Headline from The Times

Apply to set texts: How does the headline in our set text of The Times convey meaning through its sequence and ordering?

193
Q

In Newspapers, what is meant by a tabloid?

A

This refers to the dimensions of the newspaper: a tabloid is smaller and more compact in size than a broadsheet. Also refers to a newspaper the content of which focuses on lighter news, for example celebrity gossip, sport and television.

Front page of The Mirror

Apply to set texts: Why would Curran and Seaton find tabloid papers problematic? To what extent is ‘infotainment’ within newspapers like The Mirror problematic for the way certain issues and events are represented?

194
Q

In Media Language, what is meant by a Tagline?

A

These are the short slogan-like phrases that sum up a film. They are usually found on film posters and other print promotional material.

Stretch: why do film posters use taglines? Consider ‘Media saturation’!

195
Q

In Media Audiences, what is meant by a Target Audience?

A

The specific group at whom the product is aimed.

Apply to set text: How do radio producers target specific audiences? Consider star appeal, use of media language, the way issues and events are represented.

196
Q

In Media Production, what is a Teaser Poster?

A

When a film poster appears before the release of the main marketing campaign. The aim is to use enigmas, for example a tagline or a single image, to catch the interest of the audience.

Stretch: what types of film marketing codes and conventions would you not expect to see on a teaser poster?

197
Q

In advertising, what is meant by a Technique?

A

In advertising this describes what has been done to the advert to create an effect. For example, using soft focus in a fragrance advert or enlarging nails to promote nail varnish

Apply to set texts: what techniques are being utilised in this screen shot from Super.Human to create an effect?

198
Q

We use the term theoretical framework in Media… a lot!
But what does it actually mean?

A

A theoretical framework provides you with the tools to develop a critical understanding of the media and consists of the following inter-related areas: media language, representation, media industries and audiences

Stretch: why is it called a ‘framework’?

199
Q

In Media Production, what is a thumbnail?

A

On DVD covers and on Youtube galleries these are small images used to convey aspects of the film’s or vlog’s narrative

Stretch: why are thumbnails important to attracting audiences?

200
Q

In Media Representations, what is meant by Tokenism?

A

Providing a cursory or superficial representation of those groups in society who are often under-represented in order to convey an impression of equality and inclusivity.

Apply to set texts: To what extent does the Super.Human advert steer away from Tokenism?

201
Q

In Media Audiences, what is meant by Transgressive Behaviour?

A

Behaviour that goes beyond the norms of social acceptability

Apply to set texts: why was Albert Bandura concerned about violence within TV and video games?

202
Q

In Media Language and Production, what is meant by transitioning?

A

The way in which the shots move from one into the other, producing a particular effect. Different transitions include cuts that produce a faster-paced sequence. Fades and wipes suggest a more controlled and slower section

Apply to set texts: Why do media products like Formation and Seventeen Going Under use fast-paced transitioning between shots/scenes?

203
Q

In Media Audiences, what is meant by Transmedia Storytelling?

A

Defined by Henry Jenkins as ’a process where integral elements of a fiction get dispersed systematically across multiple delivery channels for the purpose of creating a unified and coordinated entertainment experience’ (‘Transmedia Storytelling 101’, 2007).

Apply to set texts: What media products have we studied that have used transmedia storytelling?

204
Q

In Media Production, what is meant by a Treatment?

A

A brief synopsis of ideas for a media project. It serves two purposes: to summarise elements of the idea, for example the plot and main characters, as well as to sell your idea to a producer. A treatment should communicate your idea in a concise but compelling manner, similar to a marketing pitch

Apply to Comp 3: Why is building a treatment (or Statement of Aims) important before beginning your cross-media production?

205
Q

In Media Language, what is meant by Typography?

A

The font styles that are used. Serif fonts such as Times New Roman have short decorative lines, called serifs, added to the letters. They often look more traditional. In contrast, sans serif fonts, which lack these ornamental flourishes, often look more modern or contemporary.

The Times Masthead

Apply to set texts: What does the use of typography in The Mirror and The TImes connote about the brand identity of both papers?

206
Q

In Media Language, what is meant by an Unrestricted Narrative?

A

When the audience knows more than the characters within the world of the text, assuming a privileged spectator position.

Apply to set texts: What sequences within Super.Human adopt a privileged spectator position?

Stretch: How does this narrative code help to appeal to audiences?

207
Q

In Media Audiences, what is meant by User-Generated Content?

A

Material created by everyday users of media platforms rather than by professionals working for media organisations.

Apply to set texts: Explain how user-generated content contributes to a video games’ success!

Theory Stretch: How does User-Generated Content contribute to a Participatory Culture?

208
Q

In Media Industries, what is meant by Vertical Integration?

A

A process through which a company develops control over different levels of the production, distribution and circulation of a product. An example of a vertically integrated business would be a production company that is also able to distribute its products or a magazine publisher that owns a printing company.

Apply to set texts: Which of our Media Industry case studies demonstrate Veritical Integration?

209
Q

What is a Vlog?

A

A blog in video form. Short for video blog.

Apply to set texts: How have vlogs contributed to the success of video games?

210
Q

In Media Audiences, what is meant by a Walkthrough?

A

A demonstration of how to play a video game in which the vlogger ‘walks’ the viewer through the necessary stages or levels

Theory Stretch: Why would Henry Jenkins describe this as a form of ‘Informal Mentorship’?

Theory Stretch Further: How does ‘Informal Mentorship’ contribute to the success of a video game?

211
Q

In Media Industries, what is meant by a Watershed?

A

The watershed is the time when it becomes permissible to show programmes that are unsuitable for younger audiences. In the UK, the watershed is at 9pm.

Theory application: how has digital technology, according to Livingstone and Lunt, complicated watershed regulation?

212
Q

According to Clay Shirky, what is meant by Web 2.0?

A

A new phase in the internet’s development, characterised by interactivity, user participation, connection and collaboration

Theory application: why does Shirky believe that Web 2.0 brought about the end of traditional ideas around ‘Audience’?

213
Q

In Media Industries, what is meant by Web Traffic?

A

The number of people who visit a particular page or website.

Apply to set texts: Why is this a more applicable way of measuring the success of a news brand than sales of physical sales of newspapers?

214
Q

In Media Representations, what is meant by a White Saviour Trope?

A

This refers to a type of narrative in which a white character is seen to save, help, liberate or rescue a non-white character or a group of non-white characters.
The white saviour is typically represented as a leader or a Messiah-like figure. This is often problematic as it can be seen to reinforce racial hierarchies and stereotypes through its representation of ethnic minorities as dependent on the aid and assistance of white people

Theory Application: Which theorist is the most likely to discuss this type of trope?

Apply to

215
Q

In Media Language and Production, what is meant by White Space?

A

The area on the page that is free of text or images

Apply to media products: what function does use of white space have in products like magazines?

216
Q

In Media Representations, what is meant by Whitewashing?

A

This term can refer to the process through which a non-white person is made to appear white. It is also used to describe the way in which non-white people are written out of the media

Apply to set text: how does Formation readdress notions of white-washing?

217
Q

Dystopian?

A

An imagined state or society in which there is great suffering/injustice

218
Q

Grand narrative?

A

Dominant ideology widely accepted by society

219
Q

Hyper-reality?

A

When a virtual experience is hyper real and like real life

220
Q

Anthology show?

A

Where each episode has a diffrent cast and setting and plot

221
Q

Gender Performativity?

A

A concept by Judith Butler that challenges the assumption that being masculine or feminine is biologically given and goes on to say that gender identity roles can be performed through repitition and rituals

222
Q

Speculative fiction?

A

How the producer speculates what the future will look like

223
Q

Pussification?

A

The shift from hyper masculinity to a feminine vertical avatar adopting repetitions of female gender roles

224
Q

Stock characters?

A

Narrative techniques from RESISTS that show codes and conventions of genres

225
Q

80s teen genre?

A

Coming of age genre of teens in the 80s

226
Q
A