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usask year 3.1 > Intro to neuro > Flashcards

Intro to neuro Flashcards

1
Q

what is a presurgical fmri?

A

allows the patient to be doing a task to see how the neurons respond

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2
Q

what is tractography?

A

below the cortex everything is connected thru white matter cortica spinal tracts

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3
Q

what is Neuropsychology

A

The study of the relation between behaviour and activity of the brain

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4
Q

Clinical Neuropsychology

A

Concerned with psychological assesment managment and rehabilitation of neurological disease and injury

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5
Q

What does clinical neuropsych look for

A

scales for autism or giving learning tests or iq tests, aphasia patients would see them as well

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6
Q

experimental neuropsychology

A

Focuses on how human behaviour arises from brain activity

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7
Q

examples of experimental neuropsychology

A

how different probes affect memory performance in individuals with and without schizophrenia in order to identify which memory processes are most vulnerable to disruption in schizophrenia

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8
Q

what is the most complex living organ on earth

A

the brain

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9
Q

Many behavioural disorders can be explained and possibly cured by understanding the ….

A

brain

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10
Q

what is phrenology?

A

the study of the conformation of the skull as indicative of mental faculties and traits of character

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11
Q

what is the Cardiocentric hypothesis

A

“heart controls behaviour”

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12
Q

what is the Cephalocentric hypothesis

A

Brain and mind “brain controls brain but the soul is separate”

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13
Q

what is Monism and materialism

A

the idea that the brain and the mind are the same thing

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14
Q

aristotle belived what was responsible for thought and behaviour

A

the heart

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15
Q

Aristotle believed what governed behaviour

A

the soul and the mind

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16
Q

what did aristotle believe the brain was used for in relation to the heart

A

brain was the cooling unit

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17
Q

what is trephination?

A

to drill a hole in skull to relieve brain swelling

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18
Q

How was trephination used in the past?

A

theraputic release

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19
Q

what hypothesis did descrates belive in

A

Cephalocentric hypothesis

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20
Q

what does descartes believe is responsible for human behaviour

A

the brain

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21
Q

what gland is responsible for behaviour

A

pineal

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22
Q

what is monism/materialism? evidence?

A

Brain produces mind
evidence: phineas gage got iron bar thru head originally really friendly then really mean

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23
Q

whose franz gall and what did he do?

A

studied phrenology and took measurements of the bumps on skull

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24
Q

Whats a cranioscopy

A

scientific examination of human skull

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25
Q

who was goltz? what did he do?

A

He debated against localization or phrenology so he took out a part of dogs braibn to prove that the removal of cortex results in a loss of function

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26
Q

electrical stimulation was first discovered by who for probing the brain and why

A

wilder penfield
why?so he could reduce the side effects of surgery

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27
Q

why did hippocrates do trephining

A

for cunvulsions

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28
Q

whats lobotomy? who created?

A

cutting the connections between frontal cortex and thalamus
who? walter freeman

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29
Q

how much does the adult brain?

A

3lbs

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30
Q

what are neurons

A

communication cells that react to stimuli

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31
Q

What are glial cells

A

the glue that supports neurons
in the nervous system

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32
Q

what are the 3 types of glial cells

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microgalia (might need more?)

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33
Q

what are the componets of the neuron?

A

dendrites, soma , axon, synapse and terminal buttons

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34
Q

what are the major neurotransmitters called? and what do they do?

A

Glutamate and gaba
excitatory and inhibitory

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35
Q

what are the neuromodulators called and what do they do?

A

Dopamine: Reward and learning
Serotonin: Regulated eating, sleeping, emotions
Norepinephrine: “Fight or flight”; stress response
Acetylcholine: Used by motor neurons

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36
Q

what is a nucleus

A

group of cell bodies

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37
Q

what is a tract?

A

large group of axons

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38
Q

whats a fissure?

A

cleft in the cortex that reaches the ventricle

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39
Q

whats a sulcus

A

more shallow cleft

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40
Q

whats a gyrus

A

ridge in the cortex

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41
Q

whats grey matter?

A

outermost layer of brain

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42
Q

Whats white matter?

A

Myelinated axons that connect brain regions

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43
Q

whats the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

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44
Q

What is the pns?

A

nerves?

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45
Q

Peripheral nervous system on utube

A

utube

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46
Q

3 major divisions of the brain?

A

forebrain midbrain and hindbrain

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47
Q

what does the cerebellum do?

A

Coordinating balancee and movement

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48
Q

what doe the pons do?

A

Connecction of brain to spinal cord

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49
Q

What does the medulla do?

A

supports automatic functions, breathing and blood rate

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50
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the diecephalon and what do they do?

A

thalamus: regulates sleep and relays motor and sensory signal
and hypothalamus: regulates body temo hunger and sex drive

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51
Q

what does the cerebral cortex do?

A

higher cognitive functions

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52
Q

what does the basal ganglia do?

A

initiating movment in the brain

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53
Q

What does the limbic system do?

A

emotion memory and spatial nav

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54
Q

what are the two parts of the forebrain called?

A

diencephalon and the telencephalon

55
Q

where is basla ganglia located?

A

below the cerebral cortex

56
Q

what is the temporal lobes function?

A

auditory

57
Q

what is the parietal lobes function

A

somatosensory

58
Q

what is the occipital lobes function

A

visual

59
Q

what is grouped in structures near the centre of the brain

A

basal ganglia

60
Q

what is the Corpus callosum?

A

Large bundle of myelinated nerve fibers that connects L & R hemispheres

61
Q

what encases the brain and spinal cord

A

bone

62
Q

what are the 3 parts of the meninges

A

dura mater, arachanoid mater and pia mater

63
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves does the brain have?

A

12

64
Q

Single cell recordings happen in who?

A

Animal studies

65
Q

what is single cell recording

A

electrodes go into single neuron and stimulates neurons relates to behaviour

66
Q

What is single cell recording good for?

A

to see what neurons are for what behaviour or if they control behaviour

67
Q

what is brain stimulating and what are the 2 types?

A

Stimulating part of brain and observing resulting behaviour
Cortical stimulation and subcortical

68
Q

what is DBS, and what does it stand for?

A

deep brain stimulation: implants electrodes to brain regions to treat clinical conditions

69
Q

what condition is dbs most used on?

A

parkinsons and tremmors

70
Q

what is a controlled brain lesion?

A

selective damage to location in animal brain to see effects of damage

71
Q

what is a aquired brain lesion

A

in human patients that suffered from a stroke

72
Q

what is eeg and what does it stand for?

A

electroencephalogram and it measures electrical activity in the brain

73
Q

a person has an eeg and there wavers are beta what is the person?

A

person is alert

74
Q

a person has an eeg and there wavers are alpha what is the person?

A

relaxed

75
Q

a person has an eeg and there wavers are delta what is the person?

A

sleep

76
Q

how does eeg help patients with epilepsy?

A

used diagnostically to identify abnormal brain signals

77
Q

what is an erp?

A

Measured brain responseq to a specific sensory cognitive or motor event

78
Q

what are 3 advantages of erp/eeg

A

non invasive
fairly inexpensive and can be used with claustrophobic patients

79
Q

What are 3 limitations of eeg

A

activity recorded from mil of neurons
signal can be distorted by skull variations
Not great for kids

80
Q

what does ct stand for and what is it?

A

Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT) scan
uses xray to create picture of the skull and brain

81
Q

what are 3 advantages of ct scans

A

fast
can be used with both clinical and healthy patients and non invasive

82
Q

what are 3 disadvantages of ct scans

A

poor resolution no functional info and radiation limit repeated scanning

83
Q

what does mri stand for and what is it?

A

Strong magnets to measure magnetic field to create images uses h2 atoms

84
Q

what are 3 advantages of mri

A

non invasive good spatial reso and used for both healthy and clinical patients

85
Q

what are 3 disadvantages in mri?

A

cannot test claustrophobics
loud and requires you to be very still

86
Q

what is a dti and what does it do

A

Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI)
it detects how water travels along tracts / it maps white matter pathway in vivo

87
Q

what is a pet scan? what does pet stand for?

A

using radiotracers to measure changes in metabolic processes
positron emission tomograghy scan

88
Q

advantages of pet scans?

A

examine numerous molecules over dif regions in brain

89
Q

Disadvantages of pet scans?

A

radiation concern 4-5scans per year
time consuming
expensive

90
Q

what is Fmri

A

functional magnetic resonance imaging
Measures brain activity by detecting changes of blood flow but functional means ur asking the person to do something

91
Q

Hemoglobin is what to oxygen

A

carrier

92
Q

fmri advantages: Can use standard mri equiptment

A

Mri and fmri are the same subject so u can do them in the same session
its non invasive and theres no radiation

93
Q

Fmri limitations:

A

expensive
poor temporal resolution
doesnt work well with claustrophobic patients

94
Q

whats a tms and what does it do

A

transcranial magnetic stimulation
magnet applied to skull to change electrical activity to improve behaviour

95
Q

what does tms do to neurons

A

stimulate or inactivate neurons to see what the function area is from behaviour changes

96
Q

what are the 3 types of Somatosensory Receptors

A

Nociception
Hapsis
Proprioception

97
Q

proprioception

A

is awareness of body in space ie) when drunk Proprioception is impaired

98
Q

what are the 3 pathways of sensorimotor pathways

A

spinothalamic tract
Dcml and corticospinal tract

99
Q

What is the spinothalmic tract

A

the sensory pathway of nervous system

100
Q

what is the dcml pathway for

A

sensory pathway of cns
proprioception

101
Q

what is the corticospinal tract

A

it forms part of the descending spinal tract

102
Q

what is the Homuculus?

A

map along motor cortex of where each body part is processed

103
Q

what is the primary motor cortex?

A

controls movements of the muscles

104
Q

what is the function of the secondary motor cortex

A

Production of voluntary movement

105
Q

what is the sequence of the prefrontal cortex

A

parietal cortex sends goals
prefrontal cortex plans
premotor cortex sequences and then
Motor cortex executes actions

106
Q

how many pain receptors does the brain have

A

0

107
Q

what does pain say about expectation

A

that pain is modified by psych factors and when surgical patients are told what to expect,
they request less pain medication and leave
hospital earlier

108
Q

what does shifting attention do for pain

A

decraeses pain if attention is diverted

109
Q

what is apraxia?

A

the inability to preform movement due

110
Q

what is ideomotor apraxia?

A

Cannot execute gestures in response to command

111
Q

whats the difference between intransitive and transitive gestures

A

One requires an onject the other doesnt

112
Q

what is ideational apraxia?

A

patients cannot perceive the purpose of a previously learned complex task

113
Q

Whats the dif ideomotor vs ideational apraxia

A

ideomotor: they know how to do a task but there body wont allow them to
ideational: they dont know what ur asking or how to complete the task

114
Q

what is tactile agnosia

A

loss of the ability to identify an object by toucch

115
Q

what is callosal apraxia?

A

cant do task with left hand because theres damage to the corpus callosum

116
Q

what is alien limb syndrome?

A

limb acts aginst the person that its attahed to

117
Q

what is phantom limb syndrome

A

the feeling that a body part is still there after being amputated

118
Q

what treatment is for phantom limb syndrome

A

mirror therapy and sedatives

119
Q

whats xenomelia

A

desire for an amputation

120
Q

whats mirror touch synesthisia

A

person physically feels what others are feeling

121
Q

what is Congenital insesnsitivity to pain CIP

A

cannot feel physical pain but still feel touch

122
Q

what is the retina?

A

light sensitive membrane at the back of eye
has rods and cones

123
Q

whats an optic nerve?

A

nerve responsible for translating visual info
the nerve that leaves the eye (blind spot)

124
Q

whats an optic chiasm

A

the point of crossover for half of the visual projections

125
Q

what is a blind spot

A

where optic nerve passes through optic disc

126
Q

what does your brain and blind spot do

A

they fill in the missing info of what u cant see

127
Q

what is the pathway of the eye to the occipital lobe

A

eye
optic nerve
lateral geniculate nucleus
then to the visual cortex

128
Q

what is the purpose of the LGN pathway

A

this is the only pathway where vision becomes conscious

129
Q

what is hemianopia

A

loss of vision in half the visual field

130
Q

what is scotoma

A

loss of vision in one point

131
Q

what is quadrantopia

A

loss of vision to a quarter of the visual field

132
Q

what is the ventral stream 3pts

A

Its the what pathway
its for recognizing objects
It starts at back of occipital lobe and goes over medulla

133
Q

what is the dorsal stream

A

Its the where and how pathway
Location of objects but not there names or functions
How to interact with objects

134
Q
A

usask year 3.1 (11 decks)

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