Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MB351 > Topic 1 Check Your Understanding > Flashcards

Topic 1 Check Your Understanding Flashcards

1
Q

What are some of the destructive actions of microbes?

A

food spoilage and cause of disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are some of the beneficial actions of microbes?

A

break down waste, treat sewage, control pests
food, chemical, and drug production
human microbe: aid in digestion, synthesize vitamins, train immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Who developed the identification used in microbiology today?

A

Carolus Linnaeus in 1735

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a genus?

A

the first part of a scientific name; identifies the genus (generic name) which the species belongs to; always capitalized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a specific epithet?

A

the second part of a scientific name; identifies the specific name and distinguishes the species within the genus; always lowercase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What microbes are prokaryotes?

A

bacteria and archae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe bacteria

A
  • shapes include bacillus (rodlike), coccus (spherical), and spiral
  • cell walls have peptidoglycan
  • reproduce via binary fission
  • movement via flagells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe archae

A
  • cell walls have NO peptidoglycan
  • live in extreme environments
  • three types: methanogens, extreme halophiles (salty), extreme thermophiles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What microbes are eukaryotes?

A

fungi, protozoa, algea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe fungi

A
  • cell walls made of chitin
  • can be unicellular or multicellular
  • size is larger than bacteria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe protozoa

A
  • unicellular
  • move via flagella, pseudopods, or chillia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe algaw

A
  • photosynthetic
  • cell wall is made of cellulose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe viruses

A
  • acellular
  • very, very small
  • simple structure: core made of RNA or DNA surrounded by a protein coat
  • reproduce only by using the cellular machinery of other organisms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

bacteria, archaea, and eukarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is one of the early instances of ancient microbiology?

A

prehistoric people took advantage of fermentation to preserve and enhance the taste of food

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What contributions did the ancient greeks make to microbiology?

A

attributed disease to bad air; developed hygiene practices built on this idea

17
Q

What contributions did the ancient romans make to microbiology?

A

believed in the miasma hypothesis; built complex waste management infrastructure

18
Q

What contributions did Hippocrates make to microbiology?

A

father of western medicine (460 BCE), believed that diseases had natural causes from within patients or their environments

19
Q

What contributions did Thucydides make to microbiology?

A

father of scientific history (460 BCE), advocated for evidence based analysis of cause-and-effect reasoning

20
Q

What contributions did Varro make to microbiology?

A

27 BCE, proposed the concept that things we cannot see can cause disease

21
Q

What is cell theory?

A

the theory that all living things are composed of cells

22
Q

How was cell theory established?

A
  1. Hooke (1665) observed the existence of cells
  2. van Leeuwenhoek (1668) was the first to observe live microorganisms using a magnifying lens
23
Q

What is spontaneous generation?

A

the belief that some forms of life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter

24
Q

What is biogeniss?

A

a challenge to spontaneous generation developed by Rudolg Virchose (1855), hypothesized that living cells arise only from preexisting living cells

25
Q

Describe the contributions of Redi towards the belief in spontaneous generation.

A

demonstrated that maggots did not arise spontaneously; though smaller organisms could still generate from nonliving matter

26
Q

Describe the contributions of Needham towards the belief in spontaneous generation.

A

heated brother and poured it into covered flasks; observed microbes developing spontaneously from the fluids

27
Q

Describe the contributions of Spallanzani towards the belief in spontaneous generation.

A

suggested that microorganisms from the air likely entered Needham’s solutions after they were boiled

28
Q

Describe the contributions of Pasteur towards the belief in spontaneous generation.

A

proved that microorganisms are present in the air and can contaminate sterile solutions, but that the air itself does not create microbes

29
Q

What is the germ theory of disease?

A

the belief that microorganisms, to small to be seen with the naked eye, can invade living organisms and cause disease

30
Q

How was the germ theory of disease developed?

A
  • Pasteur (1857) discovered that yeasts play a crucial role in fermentation; first link between the activity of microorganisms and physical/chemical changes in organic materials
  • Pasteur, Koch, and Lister all made contributions towards the germ theory of disease
31
Q

What did Koch discover?

A

In 1876, established the first proof that bacteria can cause specific disease and can be isolated and cultured on artificial media

32
Q

What are koch’s postulates?

A

a sequence of experimental steps for directly relating a specific microbe to a specific disease

33
Q

What are the four koch’s postulates?

A
  1. the same pathogen must be present in every case of the disease
  2. the pathogen must be isolated from the diseases host and grown in pure culture
  3. the pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when it’s inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal
  4. the pathogen must be isolated from the inoculated animal and must be be shown to be in the original organisms
34
Q

What is the significance of Jenner’s discovery?

A

1796, experimented to figure out way to protect people from smallpox via vaccination with cowpox

35
Q

Describe the other contributions of Pasteur to microbiology.

A
  • fermentation: found that microorganisms called yeasts can convert sugar to alcohol in the absence of air; process is used to make wine and beer
  • pasteurization: developed the process for heating liquids just enough to kill most bacteria to prevent disease and spoilage
  • discovered why vaccinations work through work with chicken cholera; introduced the concept that vaccination could be applied to any microbial disease

MB351 (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions