Lecture 1-4 Relevance & History of Microbiology

Question 1

Impacts of microorganisms

Answer 1

disease, environmental damage, food production, agriculture, energy, biotechnology, digestions

Question 2

3 domains of life

Answer 2

bacteria, eukarya, archaea

Question 3

types of prokaryotes

Answer 3

bacteria and archaea

Question 4

types of eukaryotes

Answer 4

fungi, protozoa, plants, animals, algae

Question 5

types of oddballs

Answer 5

viruses

Question 6

Organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from

Answer 6

early prokaryotic cells

Question 7

When was the origin of earth

Answer 7

3.6 bya

Question 8

Who are responsible for the oxygenation of earth

Answer 8

bacteria

Question 9

What comes first in the scientific name

Answer 9

genus

Question 10

What comes second in the scientific name

Answer 10

species

Question 11

Correct format for scientific names

Answer 11

Genus species

Question 12

Contributions of Hooke

Answer 12

• observed cork cells with microscope (1665)

Question 13

What is cell theory

Answer 13

the idea that all living things are made up of cells

Question 14

Contributions of Van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 14

• observed “animalcules” with his superior microscope (1684)

Question 15

Contributions of Jenner

Answer 15

• used cowpox to vaccinate against smallpox (1796)

Question 16

The protection achieved through vaccination

Answer 16

immunity

Question 17

Inoculation/virolation

Answer 17

immunity through exposure to the actual disease, not something related

Question 18

Where inoculation was popular

Answer 18

China

Question 19

Spontaneous Generation

Answer 19

the hypothesis that living organisms arise spontaneously from nonliving matter; it requires a “vital force” (present in air) to form life

Question 20

Biogenisis

Answer 20

the hypothesis that the living organisms arise from preexisting life

Question 21

Contributions of Redi

Answer 21

• filled 3 jars with meat with various covers; supported biogenisis

Question 22

Contributions of Needham

Answer 22

• transferred boiled nutrient broth, let cool in open air, and placed into covered flask; supported spontaneous generation

Question 23

Contributions of Spallanzani

Answer 23

• boiled nutrient broth, removed air, and seal flasks; supported biogenisis

Question 24

Major contribution of Pasteur

Answer 24

• used his swan-necked flasks to definitively disprove spontaneous generation

Question 25

Other contributions of Pasteur

Answer 25

• controlled fermentation through Pasteurization
• developed procedures for vaccinations for cholera, anthrax, and rabies
  (used chicken cholera and inoculated with old culture, used serial passage for rabies vaccine)

Question 26

attenuated

Answer 26

when strains of bacteria or viruses have loss its ability to cause serious disease in the host organism

Question 27

Pasteur’s principles of vaccine development

Answer 27

“isolate, inactivate, and inject”

Question 28

Koch Postulates

Answer 28

used to prove that a specific microbe causes a specific disease

Question 29

Germ theory of disease

Answer 29

the idea that microorganisms might cause infectious diseases; developed by Koch

Question 30

Mixed culture

Answer 30

a culture with different colonies that have different characteristicsPur

Question 31

Pure culutre

Answer 31

a culture of a singular species of bacteria

Question 32

What are Koch’s Postulates

Answer 32

1) pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease and absent from healthy animals
2) pathogen must be grown in a pure culture
3) cells from pure culture must cause disease in a healthy animals
4) pathogen must be reisolated and shown to be the same as the original

Question 33

Exceptions to Koch’s Postulates

Answer 33

• some diseases are caused by more than one agent
• not all organisms have the same pathology
• some pathogens cannot be cultured on media
• animal models are not always available
• some microbes can be isolated from both sick and health animals

Question 34

Contributions of Richard Petri

Answer 34

developed dish that allows gas exchange but prevent microbial contamination

Question 35

Contributions of Fannie Eilshemius

Answer 35

suggested agar could replace potatoes for isolating individual bacterial colonies from mixtures